978 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. 



phony) in Daniel iii, 5, 10, 15. Tlie Authorized and Revised Versions 

 give dulcimer, though the margin of the latter gives bagpipe. Engel' 

 says that the Italian peasantry still call a bagpipe Zanumgna, and 

 according to the last edition of Gesenius Sajnbonjo ami Zampogna have 

 also i>ersisted in Asia Minor. Sunqxyniah is supposed by some to be a 

 translation of the Hebrew 'ugab, though the latter possibly represents 

 pan pipes. 



(5) Reeds or pan pipes, Cairo, Egypt. (See plate 2, fig. 1.) The 

 reeds now called in Egypt sofafir are probably the Hebrew 'ugabr 

 They were known to the Greeks under the name of syrinx (Latin fis- 

 tula). There was shown in addition to the Egyptian instrument an 

 Assyrian bas-relief representing a flute player. (See plate 3.) 



(6) BAaPiPE, represented by an instrument from Tunis, Africa, 

 where it is called zaida, possibly Aramaic Sumponiah mentioned in 

 Daniel iii, 5, 10. (See plate 6.) The bagpipe originated in the East, and 

 was known to the Greeks and Romans.^ It was popular throughout 

 the middle ages and is still used in many easterji countries and among 

 the country people of Poland, Italy, the south of France, and in Scot- 

 land and Ireland. 



III.— STRINGED INSTRUMENTS. 



(1) Harp. — The Hebrew word Kirmor, which is adopted for harp, 

 occurs in the opening chapters of the Bible.* It was the especial 

 instrument of David.-' Later it was one of the important instruments 

 of the Temple orchestra,'' being one of the instruments most frequently 

 mentioned in the Bible."^ To judge from representations on Egyptian 

 monuments and Jewish coins of the second century B. C, the Kinnor 

 resembled the Greek Kithara more than the modern trigonal harj), a 

 theory corroborated by the fact that the Hebrew Kmnor is usually 

 rendered Kithara {uidapa) by the Septuagint, the oldest Greek version 

 of the Old Testament. Jewish coins show lyres with three, five, and 

 six strings. 



A similar instrument was also in use among the Assyrians. In its 

 smaller form it could easily be carried about in processions, as the rep- 

 resentations on the monuments, both Egyptian and Assyrian, show. 

 (A photograph of a relief of an Assyrian harp player was exhibited. 

 See plate 7.) 



(2) Psaltery oe Dulcimer (Hebrew, Nebel). (See plate 8.) Next 

 to the harp (Icitmor) and mostly in conjunction with it, the psaltery is 



' Musical Instrumeiitis, p. 23. 



2 Genesis iv, 21. 



3 It was introduced in Rome in the imperial period under the name of tlMa ntricii- 

 laris or choriin and soon obtained great popularity. (Compare Seneca, Epistol, 76.) 



■•Genesis iv, 21. 



6 I Samuel xvi, 23. 



« I Chronicles xv, 16; II Chronicles xxix, 2.5. 



" Genesis xxxi, 27: Isaiah xxiii, 16; Psalms xxxiii, 2; xliii, 4; Job xxi, 12. 



