CARNIVOROUS BUTTERFLIES CLARK 445 



The chiysalids were shaped Hke the ace of clubs." When they 

 emerged the butterflies were identified. "The next year we found 

 one larva on an aphis-covered alder, but have never seen one since." 



On July 8, 1880, Mr. Th. Pergande found the caterpillars in the 

 leaf curls of Pemiyliigus fraxinifolii on ash and found that these died 

 without feeding on the leaves that were placed with them. In 1881 

 search was again made for the caterpillars on the same tree without 

 finding any. 



On August 23, 1882, three caterpillars were found on a twig of 

 witch-hazel; they were not feeding when seen, and attempts to feed 

 them upon leaves with which they were placed in a jar failed; the 

 caterpillars died. 



On October 2, 1882, several caterpillars were noticed with Scfdzo- 

 neura tessellata. They were intermixed with the aphids and not 

 readily observed, but seemed to hide among the mass of plant lice. 

 They were brought home with some of the aphids for experiment; 

 and while the caterpillars were actively crawling about for some 

 days, they all died without its being noticed that they fed upon the 

 aphids. 



On September 18, 1884, again a few caterpillars were found among 

 the same Schizoneura. They were placed in a jar with the branch 

 containing some of the plant lice. Subsequently they were found 

 crawling about, and the aphids had disappeared, some of them hav- 

 ing apparently been eaten. This gave rise to a conviction that the 

 butterfly larva? fed upon the lice, but they all died without the fact 

 being proven. 



On August 8, 1885, the larva? were again found of all sizes among 

 Pemphigus imhricator. They were quite active, crawling over the 

 plant lice, and stopped as soon as the twig was touched. The egg- 

 shells were at the same time observed, and the actual fact of feeding 

 on the lice was proved by direct observation. On August 12 several 

 had changed to pupse, and by August 20 four adult Feniseca tar- 

 quinius had emerged. 



On February 20, 1886, Prof. C. V. Hiley read a paper before the 

 Biological Society of Washington on "A carnivorous butterfly larva," 

 which was published in Science on April 30, 1886, and again in the 

 American Naturalist in June of the same year. In this he men- 

 tioned the work of Mr. Pergande and stated that he had obtained 

 abundant evidence that the larva? of Feniseca actually feed upon the 

 aphids of the beech and alder. He also said that Mr. Otto Lugger 

 had frequently observed the larvae around Baltimore among Pein- 

 phigiis imbricator on the beech, but never dissociated from the lice, 

 and that Judge Lawrence Johnson also found it in connection with 

 the same species around Shreveport, La., in the autumn of 1886 and 



