CARNIVOROUS BUTTERFLIES — CLARK 471 



The i^iipa Avhicli lie had was very large, 28 mm. long, 14 mm. 

 broad, and 10 mm. deep, while it w^as depressed in front in a wa}^ 

 apparently due to pressure. Were the rounded contour of the dor- 

 sum and sides continued, its depth would be 12 mm. 



It is tyj)ically Ij^camid in form, being very round at either end, 

 broadest at the fourth and fifth abdominal segments, narrower 

 thoracically ; the head is beneath; there are no movable segments; 

 there are no traces of cremastral hooks, or of any silken girdle; the 

 first leg lies equally against head and antennw. The maxillte arc 

 well developed. They appear to contain no maxilla (the individual 

 being close to emergence), but the labial palpi are very evident be- 

 neath them. 



The most characteristic feature of the pupa is a set of flanges or 

 raised ribs. If the pupa were divided into a dorsal and ventral 

 piece by a section through its widest dimensions, the line of sec- 

 tion would mark one of these ribs, which starts around the abdominal 

 segments from the anal angle of the wings (end of vein Ic) and 

 goes round the end of the pupa, dividing the last segment into two 

 portions. This segment is consequently of considerable anteropos- 

 terior dimensions, stretching a good way under the pupa, but also 

 having a portion, as it were, lifted right out onto the dorsum by 

 having to be above the flange. 



The segmental incisions are all raised into double ridges; but 

 below the marginal flange above noted, though with no trace of 

 anything of the sort above it, each segment has another single 

 ridge or flange about one-third of the way in front of each incision. 

 The scars of prolegs are well marked by large areas into which these 

 ribs do not intrude. 



Doctor Chapman remarks that these flanges are obviously the 

 remains of the great marginal border of the caterpillar, and of the 

 division beneath it of each segment into two. The marginal ridge 

 extends forward through the wings; but the pupal shell is so deli- 

 cate that it is difficult to say whether this ridge is in the wing covers 

 or an indication of a flange on the segments beneath them showing 

 through. 



The spiracles are more obvious than in the larva, and occupy a 

 similarly dorsal position. The pupa is very smooth and polished, 

 at least thoracically; the abdomen has very numerous, almost micro- 

 scopic, hair points. 



Doctor Chapman also had a specimen of the pupa within the 

 larval skin, which fully illustrated Mr. Dodd's account of how 

 pupation occurs. The larval skin becomes a little altered by the 

 dorsum being rather raised and rounded, but substantially it is the 

 full grown larva one sees, and this forms a case or cocoon, precisely 



