1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 39 



by a callous growth, referred to above. Once iu the wood the burrows run 

 nearly straight. The total length of a burrow is from 21^ to 4 inches. In spring 

 the larvae clearly grow very rapidly, as by the end of June they are about full 

 grown in many cases. When this stage is reached they evidently turn back in 

 their tunnels and enlarge them either to the place of entrance or else to some 

 more convenient exit. They then return to the far end of the burrow, make a 

 little chamber for pupating, then with head toward the exit change into a white 

 pupa. The adult works its way out through the tunnel enlarged by the larva. 



Means of DisTRiBuxioisr. 



The insects have been widely distributed by shipping out poplars and willows 

 from infested nurseries. The tiny larvae or eggs in these in the spring would 

 easily escape notice. In addition to this means there seems no doubt that the 

 adults fly about from place to place. They have large under wings well adapted 

 for this purpose. Flight is probably late in the evening or at night, as I have 

 never seen an adult fly when observing them during the day. 



Methods of Control. 



In most cases no effort will be made to control or prevent injury from the 

 pest, but in parks like Toronto Island, control measures are very necessary. It 

 was my intention to suggest that ail infested trees be cut down in the winter and 

 burned early in spring, but since learning from my inspectors of the discovery 

 of a considerable number of adults in May which very probably lays eggs, I have 

 thought it wise to suggest that the cutting down and burning should not be 

 done until the first or second week in June, so that all the insects might then 

 be caught in the larval stage. This should lessen the numbers of the insect 

 greatly. Then to avoid future loss in these places I think that the willows most 

 exempt from attack, viz.: the Wliite Willow (Salix alba), one of our largest and 

 ibest willows, and possibly the Glossy Willow {Salix lucida) should be planted 

 instead of those removed. Also White Poplar and Aspen Poplar might be sub- 

 stituted for the Balm of Gilead, Balsam Poplar, and even for Carolina Poplar. 

 Of course if Soft Maples, Dogwoods or other suitable trees or shrubs will thrive 

 in these places, they would be preferable to any of the above. I should be very 

 pleased to have further suggestions from anyone present. 



The President: I am sure we have all listened with much pleasure to Mr. 

 Caesar's two excellent papers. They are now open for discussion. We are pleased 

 to see with us to-day Professor Zavitz, the Provincial Forester of Ontario, and 

 he has no doubt something interesting to say regarding the papers just read. 



Prof. E. J. Zavitz : Mr. Chairman, I came here to obtain information, and this 

 beetle to which Professor Caesar has been referring is naturally of interest to 

 foresters. I first saw it in the Niagara District near Ridgeway, working in the 

 scrub willows. This season, in visiting that district early in the summer (it is a 

 favorite collecting ground) I found that these willows had been entirely killed. 



I think the chief danger from this insect is to our Carolina Poplar (Poptihis 

 deltoxdes Marsh) which, to my mind, is the most important poplar from the 

 foresters' standpoint. We were beginning to think that the Carolina poplar would 

 be a very important tree in sand planting and in fact we are using considerable 

 numbers in Norfolk County. I regret to find that this insect is working in 

 that tree. Apart from the willow holts or basket willows, the damage to willows 

 will be small. We use the other willows to a very small extent in forest planting. 



