1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 41 



Investigations the past season established the connection between late-hatching 

 first brood larvae and this type of injury. Many codling moth eggs are laid in 

 the lake region the latter part of June and early in July on the fruit. The 

 young larva3 hatching from these eggs enter the exposed, smooth surface of the 

 developing apple and excavate a shallow gallery having a radius of approximately 

 1/16 of an inch. This is probably a manifestation of the leaf-mining habit of 

 the young larvs, recorded by a number of observers, in relation to those hatching 

 from eggs deposited upon the foliage. A few days after entering the fruit many 

 of the larvae desert the initial point of injury and make their way to the blossom 

 eijd. The impulse to desert a perfectly satisfactory shelter and brave the dangers 

 of migration to the blossom end can hardly be explained as other than inherited 

 and an outcome of the same unrest which, under other conditions, leads the larva 

 to forsake the leaf mines and search for fruit. The attempt to enter the apple 

 once more is frequently a failure on sprayed trees, owing to the poison deposited 

 in the calyx cup in the after blossoming treatment. Unfortunately, so far as 

 the apple grower is concerned, the young codling moth larva does not perish 

 until the characteristic mark has been made on what should be an unblemished 

 surface. 



Eecords made during the past four years by Mr. L. F. Strickland, Horti- 

 cultural Inspector of the New York State Department of Agriculture, show that 

 as much as 20 per cent, of the fruit may be affected in this manner. Investiga- 

 tions by the speaker last summer indicate a somewhat general prevalence of such 

 conditions along the south shore of Lake Ontario. In one orchard at Newfane, 

 9 to 12 per cent, of the total crop on three sprayed plots bore this side blemish, 

 while in an Orleans county orchard similar plots showed from 25 to 35 per cent, 

 side injury. The unsprayed or check plots in these two orchards had from 30 to 

 37 per cent, respectively, of the apples thus affected. It should be stated in 

 this connection that very little "side injury" is to be found in Hudson Valley 

 orchards. 



The somewhat general limitation of this type of work to the vicinity of a 

 large body of water leads us to believe that this variation in habit may be 

 caused by local climatic modifications. There is on record a statement by Cordley 

 to the effect that eggs are not deposited when the evening temperature falls much 

 below 60° F. In this connection some interesting data has been published by 

 Sanderson (N. H. Agr. Exp't. Sta., 19th-20th Eep'ts., 1908, p. 406). He finds 

 that if evenings be cool, eg^ laying will sometimes be deferred for several days, 

 and states that from June 9th to 15th, 1906, he was able to secure eggs but after 

 that the evenings were cool until the latter part of the month and no eggs were 

 obtained until June 28th. Again, in 1907, "no eggs were found until June 22nd 

 * * * * though moths had been emerging since the 10th." An examination 

 of records made the past four years by Mr. Strickland shows a fairly close 

 connection between this type of injury and the rise of daily minimum tem- 

 peratures above 60° F. The damage referred to above occurs mostly the last of 

 June and the first half of July, and so far as records go, is preceded by a period 

 of low temperatures which probably inhibit the crepuscular or nocturnal activities 

 of the moth, and then with the rise of minimum temperatures above 60° F. we 

 have the deposition of eggs and the development of side injury. 



The low minimum temperatures from about the time the moths begin to emerge 

 till the latter part of June, do not materially hinder the development of the apple 

 and, as a consequence, when oviposition is possible the fruit is some size, smooth, 

 and from observations in the orchard, appears to be more attractive to the moths 



4 E.S. 



