OF EPPING FOREST. 279 



family are, though they are of little or no importance to us in 

 our present paper. 



The fifth sub-family of the Cynipidae, namely the Cynipina, 

 contains the gall-making insects and the Inquilines living in 

 their galls, and includes all the oak-gall making species. 



The following are the chief characters of the sub-family, 

 Cynipina : — 



Wings with the areolet opposite to, or not much beyond, the base of the 

 radial cellule, which is usually elongate. The three cubital cellules are as a 

 rule complete. The cubitus arises from the middle of the transverse basal 

 nervure. 



Legs with two spurs on the hind tibiae, no processes on the hind tarsi. 



Scutelluiii punctured, wrinkled or alutaceous. 



Hypupygium acute or ending in a hairy projecting point. 



Basal Segments of the abdomen not subequal or subsessile ; the second 

 abdominal segment much longer than the others, not unusually half the length 

 of the abdomen. 



Ovipositor spiral or semi-spiral. 



The Egg has already been described and figured. 



The Larva is apodal. Thirteen jointed, fleshy, and white to yellowish in 

 colour. Larval life varies much in duration in different species, from about a 

 month to as much as three years. 



The Pupa, like the larva, is yellowish white in colour and is never 

 enclosed in a cocoon. 



The Perfect Insect. (Chief general characters given above.) 



(i.) Mouth parts. Labium fleshy, truncated or with a curved top. 

 Mandibles short, broad and toothed. Inner lobe of the maxillae obsolete. 

 Outer lobe broad and fleshy. 



Labial palp 2-3 jointed. 



Maxillary palp 4-5 jointed. 



(2.) Antennae. These differ in the males and 'females, being longer and 

 thinner in the former. 



(3.) Wiftgs. Not always present. Seldom longer and sometimes shorter 

 than the body. Hairs may be present on the surface and round the margin. 

 When present the wings are four in number and membranous. 



(4.) Thorax. This is well developed. The pro-thorax laterally reaches 

 the tegulas, the pleural region being specially prominent. In front the pro- 

 thorax is but slightly developed, bearing, however, a keel which is often 

 incised presenting two tubercle-like bodies. The parapsidal furrows are 

 often absent from the meso-thorax, when present they may be complete or 

 incomplete. 



The scutellum may be shining or opaque and varies much, having either 

 one or two basal foveae. It usually overhangs the meta-thorax and median 

 segment. 



