288 NOTES ORIGINAL AND SELECTED. 



by the destruction was heard in the mansion, but was supposed to be thunder, 

 and the real cause was not ascertained till next morning. The hurricane was 

 immediately succeeded by a tremendous fall of rain." This graphic descrip- 

 tion of the Thorndon Park Storm recalls in many particulars our Essex experi- 

 ence particularly in the isolated character of its destructive effects. — Wilfred 

 Mark Wkbb, F.L.S., Odstock, Hanwell. 



The Soils and Sub-soils of Norfolk. — A paper with the above title, 

 by Mr H. B. Woodward, F.R.S., F G.S., of the Geological Survey, was read 

 before the Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists' Society on March 25th, 1902, and 

 is published in Vol. VII. of their Transactions, pp. 401-414. As the counties 

 of Norfolk, Suffolk and Essex have a specially strong resemblance to each 

 other in geological structure, it seems desirable to draw the attention of the 

 Essex Field Club to Mr. Woodward's remarks He gives an account of the 

 various essays and maps on the soils of Norfolk, from the Rural Economy of 

 Norfolk, by William Marshall, published in 1787, to the work of Nathaniel 

 Kent (1796), Arthur Young (1S04), R.N. Bacon (1844), Joshua Trimmer (1847), 

 Searles V. Wood, junior and Mr. F. W. Harmer somewhat later, and lastly 

 that of the Geological Survey. The distribution of the various soils and sub- 

 soils of Norfolk is then noted. Mr. Woodward adds that while there is a 

 general correspondence between the subsoils and soils, " yet there is an infinite 

 variety in the soils such as cannot be fully indicated on a geological map, and 

 can only be inferred from a knowledge of the subsoils." He inclines therefore 

 to think that: — "A detailed sub-soil map on a scale of 6 inches]to a mile, 

 carefully and judiciously surveyed, should serve as a basis for special 

 investigations of soils. On it the general characters of soils should be 

 indicated, and where there is much landslipped material or considerable 

 downwashes of the sub-soils these should be marked. Sometimes down- 

 washes of gravel from the uplands are of sufficient importance to have shallow 

 gravel-pits opened in them, or buildings may be erected on them — and yet in 

 ordinary geologicalrnaps, which profess to show the Drifts, this debris from 

 higher grounds, or ' run of the hill ' has been omitted when it is of sufficient 

 importance to influence the surface features. This is, undoubtedly, a 

 defect." 



Of course on maps 6 in. to the mile much can be indicated useful to the 

 agriculturist, the builder and others, which could not be shown on maps of 

 smaller scale ; much also which would be felt to add obscurity rather than 

 information to a map one-inch to the mile. Readers of the Essex Naturalist 

 may be interested in learning that the Geological Survey of Essex on the six- 

 inch scale is now begun.— T. V. H. 



[Several Reports and Notes arc held over until the next volume.] 



End of Volume XII. 



