140 



Journal of Applied Microscopy. 



larger room, devoted entirely to stu- 

 dents' work, are placed two rows of 

 tables, accommodating sixteen students 

 each, while an additional table is ar- 

 ranged at the end of the room to ac- 

 commodate eight students. While the 

 tables so arranged will accommodate 

 forty students, it is the writer's opinion 

 that it would be to much greater ad- 

 vantage and to the increased benefit of 

 the student if but one-half of this num- 

 ber were provided for in a room of this 

 size. However, the time allowed for the 

 course and the limited number of hours 

 nightly make it absolutely necessary to 

 instruct the entire class at one session 

 instead of dividing it into sections. Each 

 student is provided with a space suffi- 

 cient for the ordinary reagents which are 

 required in the work of finishing pre- 

 parations. In addition the students' lab- 

 oratory is supplied with twenty-five 

 compound microscopes, dissecting mi- 

 croscopes, and microtomes of the most 

 improved pattern. 



While it is impossible to adopt a rigid 

 plan of work or a program to be fol- 

 lowed yearly in the teaching of normal 

 histology, which embraces so many and 

 varied methods, we believe that a plan 

 which instructs the student in the widest 

 scope of work with the least expendi- 

 ture of time is the better one. The 

 scheme we have adopted here, and which 

 seems to meet the requirements of this 

 class of students best, is the one that ac- 

 quaints them in the first place with the 

 construction and application of the in- 

 struments, methods more generally fol- 

 lowed in normal histologic work, and a 

 careful examination of the tissues in the 

 order as laid down in the most approved 

 text-books on histology. Inasmuch as 

 few students have had any prior instruc- 

 tion in the use of the microscope, it has 

 been found necessary to devote a few 

 evenings to the consideration of the in- 

 strument, its optical parts, mechanical 

 parts, methods of lighting, considera- 

 tion of the construction of objectives 

 and eyepieces, optical imperfections, 

 magnification, micrometry, and photo- 

 graphy. About three or four evenings 

 are devoted to a demonstration of the 

 methods of preparing tissues and or- 

 gans for examination, fixing and harden- 

 ing, preservation of tissues, decalcifying, 

 embedding, section cutting, staining, 

 application and methods of staining, spe- 

 cial methods of staining the nervous sys- 

 tem, injections, and the examination of 

 fresh tissues and fiuids. After this, the 

 study of the cell and elementary tissues 

 and karyokinesis. Then, in regular or- 

 der, the amount of time allowed to each 

 subject dependent entirely upon the pro- 

 gress of the class or section, the student 

 will take up the study of: 



Blood. 



Epithelial tissues — varieties; endothe- 

 lium, distribution. 



Connective tissues — forms; cellular ele- 

 ments; intercellular; mucoid; tendon; 

 elastic; adipose; cartilage; bone. 



Muscular tissues — non-striated; striat- 

 ed — structure and distribution of each; 

 cardiac muscle. 



Nervous tissues — nerve cells (particu- 

 lar methods of staining adopted to 

 demonstrate these); nerve fibers; me- 

 dullated and non-medullated nerves; 

 ganglia. 



Mucous membranes — structure of these, 

 and the glandular structures in connec- 

 tion with them . 



Digestive tract — mouth ; salivary 

 glands; teeth; tongue; oesophagus; 

 stomach; intestines; glands; liver, 

 pancreas. 



Urinary organs — kidney; bladder. 

 Male Reproductive organs — testicle, 

 spermatogenesis; prostate. 



Female Reproductive organs — ovary; 

 uterus; vagina; mammary. 



Respiratory organs — trachea; bronchi; 

 lungs, pleura; thyroid. 



Skin and appendages — skin; nails; 

 hair; sebaceous glands; sweat glands. 



Central nervous system — membranes; 

 spinal cord; medulla; pons; cerebellum 

 and the cortex. 



In addition, the organs of special sense 

 are studied. 



This scheme, of a course adapted as 

 the author thinks best to the require- 

 ments of a medical class, is modified 

 from time to time, dependent upon the 

 material at hand best suited for demon- 

 strating the particular subject. It is al- 

 most impossible, for these and other 

 reasons, to follow an uninterrupted 

 course, if it is the teacher's aim to pres- 

 ent the student with the most typical 

 material illustrating the normal subject, 

 but the opportunities in connection with 

 hospital work, for acquiring fresh ma- 

 terial, are so great that it is rarely the 

 course lacks demonstration for want of 

 material suitable to the purpose. 



In order to better impress upon the 

 student the essential characters of hu- 

 man histology, the writer from time to 

 time employs tissues of the lower ani- 

 mals where in his judgment the charac- 

 ter of the cells or arrangement of parts 

 of the organs will serve best to impress 

 the student with the appearances of the 

 normal human subject. 



On account of the limited time and the 

 lateness of the hour when the laboratory 

 course begins, we have thought it best 

 to prepare as far as possible all ma- 

 terial which the student uses in his de- 



