and Laboratory Methods. 1607 



One chemical thermometer, C.200, - - $ 1-10 



A microtome, - - - $5.40 to 20.00 



Several low bell-jars, each, - . - .50 



Syringe and cannula, ... 7.50 



Several preserving jars of various sizes. 

 See Bergen's Handbook and Ganong's Teaching Botanist for further descrip- 

 tion of auxiliary apparatus. 



SUBSTITUTIONS. 

 It will be seen that the above lists may be varied considerably without detri- 

 ment. The individual experiences of teachers will suggest desirable substitu- 

 tions and omissions. These may be either in the line of securing better and 

 more costly apparatus, or the procuring of something less expensive. Some of 

 these latter are suggested. Twist drills may serve fairly well as cork borers. 

 The dissecting tools may be wrapped in flannel ; this will avoid the rusting 

 which comes from putting damp instruments into the case. Cheap lenses should 

 never be substituted for good ones. Dissecting pans are not so much used as 

 formerly ; some teachers perform much of the work on oilcloth, and then use 

 any available dish when it is desirable to have the dissection under water. Chalk 

 boxes for germinating experiments are suggested because of their cheapness ; 

 dampness is liable to warp them and cause trouble. Small thumb pots are very 

 cheap, and make desirable substitutes. Tin cans with the tops melted off and 

 the bottoms perforated for drainage, may be used. A tin pan filled with sand 

 may be heated by a single flame, and will serve several pupils. It will be con- 

 venient to have all bottles and flasks with uniform sized openings, and rubber 

 stoppers to fit these, thus making them interchangeable. For the same reason 

 only one size of glass tubing should be purchased. Beakers are easily broken. 

 Tinware or agateware may be substituted. Change of temperature causes the 

 bottoms of battery jars to crack. Small aquaria may be secured direct from the 

 glass companies at nearly the same cost. Jewelers frequently have old watch 

 crystals which can be had for the asking. Quinine bottles are excellent for 

 collecting and other purposes. If used with cyanide, the teacher should prepare 

 them for use. This may be done by covering the cyanide with powdered lime 

 or plaster of Paris and then moistening it. Rubber cloth, or even oilcloth, may 

 be used instead of sheet rubber in transpiration experiments. Collecting nets, 

 water nets, setting boards, and many other things can be made by the class. 

 Small broom straws dipped in melted paraffin will serve the purpose of bristles. 



COST. 

 The total cost of material, exclusive of the laboratory tables, chairs, and 

 general equipment, is given below. This amount will vary according to the 

 number in the class. 



1 compound microscope, - $37.50 Apparatus as given, - - $75.00 

 12 dissecting microscopes, - 22.50 Chemicals as given, - - 10.00 

 12 dissecting sets, - - 10.25 Microscope accessories as given, 6.00 

 12 dissecting pans, - - 4.90 Reserve fund for running ex- 



Library, - - - - 20.00 penses, - - - 15.00 



Total cost, - - - - - - $201.15 



