222 



Observations on Pini})la pomorum 



Fia 



5. Cocoon showing the emergence 

 hole made by the adult Ichneumon. 

 X circa 5. 



8. THE MALE PUPA. 



In describing the pupa, whether male or female, one meets with the 

 very real difficulty of selecting from the few characters which it affords, 

 those which appear to be of diagnos- 

 tic value. In hardly a single instance 

 do we find a description of an Ichneu- 

 monid pupa sufficiently detailed to 

 be of value for comparative purposes. 

 So far as the present species is con- 

 cerned, I have only dealt with those 

 morphological features which appear 

 likely to prove of generic or specific 

 value. Of these, the characters 

 afforded by the abdominal spines 

 appear to be important. 



In the male _p^<jt>a (Plate XII, fig. 3) 

 the head is a little wider than the 

 thorax across the widest region, with 

 the frontal surface inclined obliquely 

 downwards. The mouth-parts are wholly ventral in position, with the 

 first maxillae and labium lying parallel with the longitudinal axis of the 

 body, and near to the surface of the prosternal region. The antennae 

 curve over the anterior surface of the head, closely applied to the inner 

 margins of the eyes, and lie for the remainder of their length on the 

 ventral side of the body. Their apices extend backwards as far as the 

 fourth abdominal segment. The extremities of the anterior tarsi reach 

 as far as the apices of the middle tibiae; the second pair of legs are wholly 

 invisible dorsally and their extremities reach to the middle of the second 

 tarsal joint of the hind legs; in the third pair of legs the apices of the 

 tarsi extend slightly further backwards than those of the antennae. The 

 fore-wings completely overlie the hind-wings and exclude them from 

 view; they reach backwards as far as the extremity of the first tarsal 

 joint of the middle legs. Seven segments are evident in the abdomen but 

 the seventh or hindmost segment is of a composite nature and apparently 

 consists of two partially fused pupal segments. The first segment is 

 devoid of spines, while the second to fourth segments are each armed 

 with a single pair of small ventral spines. The fifth segment is provided 

 with four ventral and two dorsal spines; the sixth segment has a circlet 

 of spines of which usually six are ventral in position, four are lateral and 



