60 Observations on the Habits of Certain Flies 



obtained pupae of different species from the earth near manure heaps 

 and hatched flies from them. He summarises that the "evidence at 

 present available seems to indicate that few house-flies hibernate as 

 adults, and from observations on other species of flies, the writer is 

 inclined to believe that the winter is passed in the pupal stage": but 

 " the pupae of M. domestica have not yet been found." The same author 

 (1916) found that of a few blow-flies, which emerged from pupae from 

 time to time throughout the winter, some lived for several weeks and 

 survived heavy rains, snow, frost, cold wind and gales ; but, on the other 

 hand, proved by experiment that the following flies hibernate as pupae, 

 or, less commonly, as larvae in the earth, under shelter 2-3 inches below 

 the surface of the ground or under shelter on the surface: 



Calliphora erythrocephala, Mg. Nemopoda cylindrica, F. 



Fannia manicata, Mg. Piophila vulgaris. 



Fannia canic-ularis, L. Hydrotaea denlipes, F. 



Fannia scalaris, F. Sarcophaga melanura, Mg. 



Anthotnyia radicum, L. Sarcophaga cartiaria, L. 



Tephruchlaniys canescenfi. Slomoxys calcitranfs, L. 



Blepharoptera serrula, L. Mydam lucorum. Fall. 



Scaiophaga stercoraria, L. Lucilia caesar, L. 



Dryomyza faveola, F. Lucilia sericata, Mg. 



(Jalliphuru vomitoria, L. Fhaonia erratica, Fall. 



Muscina siabulans. Fall. Opliyra leucostoma, W. 



Muscina pabulorum. Fall. Pulieles lardaria, F. 



and considers that "a few individuals, insignificant in number compared 

 with those passing the winter as pupae, hibernate in the adult condition " 

 but that, in perpetuation of the species, these are of little account; yet 

 "the wintering habits of M. domestica are still obscure." 



Bishopp, Dove and Parman (1915) at Dallas and Uvalde, Texas, 

 found that the winter could be passed in the immature stages, and, 

 moreover, none of the adults under observation survived the winter. 

 Their results indicate that flies kept at a temperature not low enough 

 to render them inactive, either oviposited very soon or died^. They 

 think the chances of adults finding shelter from destruction by cold very 

 small indeed, and that, although some adults may hibernate thus, the 

 species is dependent on those individuals whicli winter in the immature 

 stages or continue to breed throughout it. 



Dove (191 0) found that larvae and pupae of M. domestica overwintered 

 as such at Dallas and at Uvalde, Texas, and emerged on niild days in 



* Vido Dove's (1910) suggestion, quoti'd later, lliat K. imisvav ehietly attaeks mature 

 females whi(?h have not oviposited. 



