1892.] on Emotional Expression, 661 



in the brains of monkeys, and that we have no guarantee that they 

 are localised in the same manner in the far larger and more complex 

 brain of man, and the answer to that objection is that the ravages of 

 disease have satisfied us that movements are localised in exactly the 

 same way in the human and Simian brains. A man suflfers from 

 convulsive twitchings of his thumb; he dies, and on post-mortem 

 examination a small tumour is found setting up irritation in the spot 

 of the brain precisely corresponding with that electrical stimulation 

 of which caused twitching of the thumb in the monkey. Another 

 man suffers from paralysis of the corner of his mouth ; he dies, and 

 a patch of softening is found destroying the spot of the brain 

 precisely corresponding with that electrical stimulation of which 

 caused retraction of the angle of the mouth in the monkey. But 

 more than this, it has been experimentally demonstrated that 

 electrical excitation of a certain number of the motor centres in the 

 human brain causes the same movements represented in the homolo- 

 gous parts of the brains of monkeys. 



But it must have occurred to you that there are large tracts of 

 brain outside this motor area, before it, behind it, beneath it, about 

 the functions of which nothing has been said. Well, all I shall say 

 about these is that some of them — those in the frontal lobes — 

 probably afford the anatomical substratum for certain intellectual 

 functions, while it is certain that some of them are sensory. It is 

 established that the visual function is localised in the occipital area, 

 it is all but established that hearing is localised in the temporal area, 

 and it is probable that the limbic lobe is sensory. 



Now, emotions are compounded of sensations; they are what 

 Herbert Spencer has called centrally initiated sensations, that is to 

 say they are feelings arising in the mind not from any sensory 

 impression conveyed to it from the outer world or from the body, but 

 from the revival of former sensations of a complex character. Of 

 course a sensory impression may call forth an emotion. A blow 

 excites anger, but the emotion — the anger — is quite distinct from the 

 sensation — the pain of the blow. And an emotion, however excited, is 

 evolved by intellectual processes, and differs from a sensation in that 

 it persists for some time after its exciting cause has ceased to operate. 

 And, as emotions are revived or compounded sensations, they must 

 originate in those centres in which the sensations of which they are 

 compounded first arose, and so must have as their starting point the 

 sensory centres of the brain. But in all our sensations and per- 

 ceptions, even in the simplest sensations, there are motor elements, 

 and so it is certain that in all emotional states, even when they do 

 not pass over into action, these motor centres are concerned. But it 

 is when the emotion demands external manifestations that these 

 motor centres are obviously brought into play, and then by obser- 

 vations of the physical correlatives, the attitude of the body, the cast 

 of the features, &c. we are able to say which centres are principally 

 involved in different emotions. 



