100 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY. 



on the analogy of such words as avdyxr), 81 vd/xos, ama, hUrj, Xoyos, etc., 



that the ubiquitous constructions Kara <£i'criv, 7rapa tf>v(Ti.V, cpvcrei, cpvaiv 



c^ecv, 82 were built. Though they often connote other notions, such as 

 cause, their fundamental reference seems to be to what we call law. 

 The frequency of such phrases is significant of the prevailing suggestion 

 which 4>vo-L<; had for the investigators 7repi <£uo-cws. There is here a 

 marked contrast between the implicit and explicit signification of terms. 

 Such phrases as 7rapa (pvcnv have no proper sense except in relation to 

 a teleological interpretation of nature ; 83 but it is obvious that the 

 pre-Socratics were not aware of this implication. They built up a 

 structure of conceptions which of necessity led to teleology, but it was 



felt instinctively the parallelism of human and physical law, but the latter was con- 

 sciously their point of departure. Vet in trying to interpret physical law, they 

 necessarily imported conceptions derived from human law, as, e.g. the SIktj of Anax- 

 imauder and Heraclitus. When Simonides said av&yKa 5' obSi 6eol p.&xovTai he 

 meant much the same as the (intermittent) tyranny of Notpa in Homer. I can- 

 not but think that Pindar (Plato, Gorg. 483 C, 484 B) vo/jlos 6 irdvTwv (3a<n\evs dvaruv 

 re Kal adav&Twv — &yei 8t.Ka.iwv t8 fiiat.jTa.Tov virepT&Ta, x ei pt meant the same thing : 

 cp. also the overruling God of Heraclitus, who is also Alter/. So, at any rate, Plato 

 interpreted the saying (Gorg. 483 C, Lajg. 714 E), as did Hippocrates, II. yovris, 1 

 (7, 470 Littre) vbp.os p.ev irdvra Kparvvei, and the Anonymus Iamblichi (Diels, 

 Vorsokr. 2 632, 31 foil.). Of course, in an age when (pvjts and vop.os were contrasted, 

 the opposite interpretation would also be found ; cp. Plato, Protag. 337 C foil., Ildt., 

 in. 38, vi, 104, Critias, fr. 25 (Diels). Cp. Galen, Dc Usu Partium, xi. 14 (in. 

 905 f. Kuim . and Nestle, Neue Jahrb. fiird. klass. Altert., 1909, p. 10 foil. Zeller, 

 Ueber Begriffu. Begriindung der sittliehen Gesetze, Abh. d. Berl. Akad., 1882, cites 

 some interesting phrases characteristic of the blending of <pv<ns and vbp.os. Cp. Arist. 

 Gael. 26S°13, Arms Did. (Diels, Dox. 464,24 11. ). The latter, speaking of the Stoics, 

 says KOtvuivlav 8' virapxeiv irpbs d\\yj\ovs did. t6 \6yov fierixeiv, 5s itXTi <pv<rei vbp.os. 

 The common possession of reason is here the basis of law : conversely in Hippocrates, 

 II. €TTTap.7]vov, 9 (7, 450 Littre) the possession of a common physical composition is 

 the foundation of the inexorable law that all must die : /cat 7e 6 6a.va.Tos Sid tt)v 

 p.oipijv ZXax^v. ware irapdbeiyna toTs traaiv elvai, Sti wdvra (putriv ^x e '> & K T ^ v avT^wv 

 iJvTa, peTa(3o\as Zx eiv ^' a XP^ VUV T & v im'ovfxfrwv. Here fiolpa has become expressly 

 a physical law inhering in matter. 



81 Cp. Thucyd. V. 105 -qyovpeda yap t& re Belov Sb^rj t8 avOptbireibv re aa<pw% 81a 

 TravTos inrb <pvaews dvayKairjs, ov av KpaTrj, <xpx e "' " Kal ijfieU oCre 6evTes Tbv vbp.ov 

 kt\. Cp. Plato, Gorg. 483 E ; Eurip., Trond. SS6 ; Hippocrates, IT. aapKQv, 19 

 (S, 614 Littre) ttjs 8£ <pvo-tos rqv dvdyK-qv, Sioti iv iwTa rourewv eVacrra Sioi/ceiYat, iyd) 

 <pp&o-b) iv dWotaiv. TL. 8iaiT7]s, A, 5 (6, 476 foil. Littre) irdvTa yiverai Si' dvdyK-qv dei-qv 

 is said from the point of view of Heraclitus. 



82 With (ptio-iv ix eiv one should class such uses as Zfpv, Soph. Elect. 860, where it 

 states a natural law. One also meets avayK-qv %x eLV &o-Te e. inf. 



83 Natorp, Philos. Monatsh. 21, p. 575 rightly refers to this fact ; but he fails to 

 observe that the pre-Socratics did not draw the obvious inference. In Aristotle, of 

 course, the thought is clearly expressed, e.g. Phys. 193 a 32 ibenrep rix" 7 ) X^Tctcu t6 

 Kara. Texvqv, ovtu Kal cpvais to /card tpvutv \iyeTai. 



