104 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY. 



in this, that in the second sense <£iW is a collective comprising the 

 individual <£t'o-«s 95 of which it is the sum. 96 



It is probable that Democritus also spoke of the atoms as <£ro-is in 

 the sense of elemental constituents of things, though this is not alto- 

 gether certain. 97 Burnet likewise discovers this meaning in a frag- 

 ment 98 of Diogenes of Apollonia, though as a would-be consistent 

 monist Diogenes could ill distinguish. Closely allied to this force of 

 <f>v<ris is that in which <£t'o-is appears as the natural or original place 

 or condition of a thing. Thus Hippocrates 99 speaks of a joint, in 

 dislocation, as leaving, and on being replaced, as returning to, its 

 </>uW. It will be recalled that, according to Aristotle, each element 

 has its ot/cetos toVos to which it betakes itself as naturally as a cat 

 returns home. Thus we find fj up^ata cpvaLs denoting the original form 

 or condition in Plato, 100 and <£i'<ris coupled with dpx at ' a Karao-rao-is ; 

 but these turns lead naturally, if indeed they do not belong, to the use 

 of c/>i'o-i<? as constitution. 



95 The plural (pvaeis, in this sense, is rare, cp. Arist, Met. 987" 17 ; [Arist.], Be 

 Mundo, 396" 14 ; Philodem., De Morte (Diels, Vorsqkr.* 385, 17). [Plato], Epin. 

 981 D, uses the singular, not the plural, as one might gather from Diels, Elementum, 

 p. 22. 



96 The recognition of this is common ; e.g. Hippocrates, II. <f)\jcrios dvOpwirov, 4 

 (6, 38 foil. Littre) rb 5k au>/xa rod dvdpixnrov '4x €l & ecjur^i alfia /ecu (pXe'y/j.a Kal x°^'l v 

 ^avdrjv re Kal piXaivav, Kal ravr' earlv avTeu) i} cpvffis rod ffupLaros, Kal bid ravra d\y(ei 

 Kal vyiaivei. Cp. also Piato, Phil. 29 A. 



97 Democr. fr. 168. But the words of Simplicius are a comment on Arist., Phys. 

 26o b 24 Sid dt rb Ktvbv Kivelada'i <pa<riv- Kal yap ovtoi (the Atomists) t\)v Kara tottop 

 Kivrjcriv Kiveladai rqv <pvaiv Xeyovai, and may have no other warrant. But t\\v <pvaiv 

 in the Aristotelian passage means, almost certainly, " Nature," as Prantl renders it. 

 On the other hand, Epicurus calls rb ksvov (which differs from to vacrbv, according 

 to Democritus, only as p.t)biv from biv) by the name of dva<p"/]S <f>v(Tis, though this 

 may only Vic a periphrasis for rb dva<f>te. But see Arist., Met., 98o b 4 foil. 



98 Fr. 2 'irepoi/ dv rrj Lola <pvcrei. This Burnet renders : " by having a substance 

 peculiar to itself ; " Diels says "anderes in seinem eigenen AVeseu," which is probably 

 the true meaning, implying constitution (composition ?). 



99 IT. apdpwv, 30 (4," 144 Littre) ; ibid. 61 (4, 262 Littre). 



100 Symp. 191 A. i] c/>wrts Sixa er/j.r]0T] ; 191 C fcrri ... 6 ?pws I/xc/utos dXXrfXuv 

 tols avOpdnrois Kal rr/s dpxalas (pvaecos avvaywyeus Kal i-rrixeipCov woirjtrai £v e/c bvotv Kal 

 idrraadai rrjv (pvaiv r y i]v dvOpunrivTjv ; 192 E rj apxa'ia (pvcris ; 193 C els rqv dpxaiav a7re\- 

 6wv (pv<Tt.v. Cp. Repub. 547 B iirl tt)v dpxaiav Kardaracriv. In Deniocritus, fr. 278 we 

 find d7ro <t>vcnos Kal KaTacrrdcrios dpxairjs. Protagoras (Diels, Vorsokr. II. 527, 1) is 

 reported to have written a work II. tt}s iv dpxfj /caraffrdcrewj (perhaps a sort of 

 II. <pvaews dvdpthirov) from which Nestle, Neue Jahrb. fiir klass. Altert., 1909, p. 8, 

 thinks Plato freely transcribed the myth in the Protag. 320 C, foil. Hdt. vni. S3 

 says iv avdpdiwov <p\j<n Kal Kardtraai. Here belongs also Aristotle's irpuirri ovvQz<ji% 

 (see n. 73) and Hippocrates' rj e£ dpxv uvuTaais, II. bialrrjs, A, 2 (6, 468 Littre). 



