106 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY. 



the latter, 105 is suggestive of the tardiness with which they came to 

 consider the implications of causality and the laws of nature. 



The use of <£uW, with more or less personification, as the author of a 

 process (II. B), appears relatively late, as we should expect. 106 Hip- 

 pocrates speaks of Nature as arranging the vitals in the inner 

 parts ; 107 says of the auricles of the heart that they are instruments 

 by which she takes in the air, adding that they seem to be the handi- 

 work of a good craftsman ; 108 refers to the vis medicatrix naturae, 

 Nature having discovered the methods without understanding and un- 

 taught ; 109 she makes glands and hair ; 110 she can prepare the way 

 for and offer resistance to instruction j 111 she is all-sufficient ; 112 she 



105 It is perhaps unnecessary to cite passages, but the intrinsic interest of the 

 following may justify one in quoting it. Arist. Be Partt. Animal. 641 b 20 : oi 8e twv 

 p.kv fyuv '^Kaarov (pvcrei <pa<xlv dvai Kal yeve'atlai, rbv de ovpavbv dirb tvxv* Ka ^ T °v &vro- 

 ixdrov tolovtov crvarrjvai, ev <£> dirb Ti>xys Kal dra^ias oi>5' bnovv (paiverai. wavraxov 8e 

 rode Tovde 'ivtKa, tiwov &v <paiur)Tai riXos ri irpbs 6 r\ Kivncns irepaivei fx-qStvbs i/xwodi^ov- 

 tos. wan elvai (pauepbv on Zgti tl tolovtov, 5 5rj Kal KaXodfxev (pvaiv. ov yap 6;j S rt 

 irvxef «£ eK&arov yiverai awepfiaros, d\\d rbde etc rovde, oi>8e airipixa rb rvxbv in tou 

 TvxbvTOS awnaros. dpxh &P& Kal TroirjTucbv rod e£ avrov rb airtpfxa. <p6aei yap ravra 

 (pverai yovv €K tovtov. dXXd fiijv £rt tovtov irporepov rb o5 rb criripixa ■ yiveais p.ev yap 

 to crwipfia, ovala de rb tAos. Cp. Ed. Meyer, Geschichte des Altert. I. (a), p. 106 : 

 " Vielleicht noch verbreiteter (than the belief that divinities reside in inanimate ob- 

 jects, such as stocks and stoues) ist der Glaube, dass die Gotter in Tieren ihren 

 Wohnsitz haben. Die Tiere sind lebendigr Wesen, die eine willenstarke Seele haben 

 wie der Mensch ; nur sind sie nicht nnr an Kraft dem Menschen vielfach iiberlegen, 

 sondern vor allem viel geheimnisvoller, unberechenbarer und dabei zngleich dnrch 

 ihren Instiukt viel sicherer and zielbewusster in ihrem Auftreten als der Mensch : 

 sie wissen vieles, was der Mensch nicht weiss. Daher sind sie far die primitive 

 Ansehauung recht eigentlich der Sitz geheimnisvoller gottlicher Miichte." These 

 same qualities of animals, as we shall see, shared in the development of the idea of 

 (pvcns which took the place of that of the gods for purposes of explanation. 



106 Not all the passages cited emphasize the agency of Nature, and the degrees of 

 personification differ ; but personification in any degree implies or suggests agency, 

 and for convenience, if for no other reason, the uses should be considered together. 



107 II. dvaTop.ijs, 1 (8, 538 Littre) to. p.ev ££ ded p.iaov ivrbs <pvais eKoafirjdn. Cp. 

 Bonitz, Index Arist. 836" 25. 



108 IT. KapSirjs, 8 (9, 84 Littre) tern de 6pyava roicn t\ (piiais dpirdfei rbv ijipa. Kal- 

 tol 8oKtw rb troln^a x €L P^ vaKT0 ^ dyadov. 



109 'Ewi8r)p.. VI. 5, 1 (5, 314 Littre) vovawv <pvaies irjrpol. dvevplaKei r\ <pv~ais avrrj 

 ewvrrj rds i<p65ovs, o&k in 8Lavoir]S, olov rb aKap8ap.vffaei.v, Kal r\ yXGiaaa VTrovpyeet, Kal 

 6aa d\\a roiavra ■ diraidevTOS 7] (pvais eovaa Kal ov p.adoucra to. Siovra iroiieu IT. 

 rpotpijs, 39 (9, 112 Littre) (pvaies irdvTwv ddLSaKToi. II. diairvs, A, 15 (6, 490 Littre) 

 i] (pvais avTop.a.T7] ravra ewiararaL. Cp. n. 117. 



110 II. ddivwv, 4 (8, 558 Littre) y) yap <pvais iroiiei aSevas Kal Tpix a *- 



111 No/xos, 2 (4, 638 Littre) irpGirov p.ev o$v iravruv 8ei (pvaios (talent, natural apti- 

 tude) " (pvcrios yap avr lit pi)cr Governs, Kevea iravra ' (pvcrios de is rb dpicrrov 68nyeovo-ns, 

 SiCaffKaXLn rt'x vr )' s 7'" fral - 



112 II. rpo<p?is, 15 (9, 102 Littre') <pv<n$ t^ap^ei rr&vra ird<nv. 



