NOKTll yUKUNSLAND ETIINOCKAPHY — ROTH. 97 



19. In every j^rotip or tribe there exist certain divisions or 

 relationships of rank and family between its individual mem- 

 bers, such relationships also commonly holding good between 

 persons of different groups or tribes. Tlie first of these 

 relationships I propose recording is that upon which the 

 ijidividiial's social status depends, and which gives him his 

 titulai- rank or clima-nyni^ ^. This rank depends upon his 

 bodily development and in most cases upon his having undergone 

 certain of tlie initiation ceremonies. 



In the Rockhampton District, except perhaps in the area 

 around Miriam Vale, any boy at the first sign of puberty is 

 known as a walpara. As soon as lie arrives at the full develop- 

 ment of this physiological condition lie undergoes the first of the 

 ceremonies, and gradually advances in rank under the following 

 " titles " :— 



Rockhampton — Ku-rai-i (when the decorative scars are cut) ; 



ka-wula (when he has his nose pierced and can marry) ; 



min-dara, and mu-lin (any very old man). 

 Gladstone — Ka-ra, yanpi, ku-nu-an, kanka-ankan. 

 Rosewood — Yeppoon — Ka-wula ; katta (adult man). 

 Miriam Vale — yanbi, inggardo, wur-balim. 



In the case of the females, any very young girl is spoken of 

 as nai-yin-duro (Rockhampton), or ne-kii-rian (Gladstone). At 

 first puberty she is called walparan (Torilla), kam-bal (Rosewood, 

 Marlborough), or bal kun (Rockhampton). Having undergone 

 the first ceremony (after which she can marry) at full puberty, 

 she now bears new clima-nyms : — 



Rockhampton — tapu-ran.doro, and gradually mu-lin ^^ (a-oy very 

 old woman). 



Gladstone — wakalo, ka-kalal, kii-nu-an^", kanka-ankan. 

 Rosewood — nammuni, kin-kil. 

 Yeppoon — ar-wuli, dapparo. 



On the Tully River, amongst Mallanpara, kokai-kokai is the 

 term applied to a boy from the time he receives the chest-cut or 

 chindaP " up to the time he eats the eels at the initiation 



IS Roth— Ethnol. Studies, etc., 1897— Sect. 68. 

 ^8 The same name as applied to men in corresponding stage. 

 1' Roth— Bull. 15— Sect. 49. 

 7 



