77 



209. 



210. 



211. 



Size largo ; length $ 31 in. ; Aving 21 .3 ; c? 26 

 in. : Aving 19.65 ; above dark broAvn, with a 

 pin])lish glos.s, head and wing-coverts paler ; 

 forehead and face whitish, with lines of 

 black ; secondari(>s barred with darker brown 

 and with a broad siibtcrniinal band : quills 

 black ; tail tipped Avith Avhite and Avith 3 

 blackish bands ; beloAv Avhite, throat and chest 

 heaAnh' striped and flanks and abdomen 

 barred A\ith broAvn ; juA'. beloAv pale earthy 

 broAAii, abdomen AA-hite, spotted and barred 

 with broAAii ; tail A\ith 4 darker bands. 

 Circaetus galliciis (Gmel.), S.N., i., p. 2o9 

 (1788). [France.] 

 Short-toed Eagle. 



Size similar ; Aving $ 22.25-22.50 in. ; aboA'e 

 broAAiiish l)lack ; secondaries and Aving- 

 coA^erts barred Avith ashy grey ; upper tail- 

 coA^erts tipped and barred with AA'hite ; tail 

 ashy broAvn with 4 blackish bands ; chest 

 blackish ; throat Avhite, streaked Avith 

 blackish ; below white ; juv. tawny beloAA^ 

 Circaetus pectoralis Smith, S. Afr. Q.J., Ser. 1, 

 1830, p. 109. [S. Africa.] 

 Black-breasted Snake-Eagle. 



Size nearly the same ; wing$22in. ; bill much 

 deeper, upper mandible from ridge to gonys, 

 measured through anterior edge of nostril, 

 23 mm. as against 19 mm. in C. jiectoralis ; 

 tarsi also much stoiiter ; whole under parts 

 uniform blackish broAvn ; immature broAvn 

 below with Avhite markings, not AV'liite AAith 

 brown markings as in C pectoralis. 

 Circaetus cinereus Vieill., N.D., xxiii., p. 445 

 (1818). [Senegal, type in Paris Mus.] 

 Black-bellied Snake -Eagle. 



S. Europe 

 N. to France, 

 Germany, 

 C. Russia ; 

 N.E. Africa, 

 C. Asia to 

 N. China ; 

 India.* 



S. Africa to 

 to E. Tropical 

 Africa. 



E. & W. 

 Tropical 

 Africa to 

 S. Africa. 



* C. hypoleucus (Pall.) niust be regarded as a sjmonym. Apart from the 

 fact that it was described from S. Russia, the white- bellied birds do not 

 constitute a form. Examples from India and Africa with the white under 

 parts are counterbalanced by examples from the same regions as dark below 

 as typical birds. The white-bellied birds are evidently younger examples. 



