80 



below ; chest darker and warmer brown, 

 uniform in oldest birds * ; white spots below 

 similar ; tail more often with median jmle 

 band nearer apical end and narrower, with 

 remains of a second basal one, the terminal 

 black band about 2 in. wide ; jirimaries below 

 usually showing 2 distinct black median 

 bands ; the terminal one narrower and often 

 broken ; under wing-coveits rufous brown 

 spotted with white, the greater ones ashy. 

 217a. Sjnlornis cheela albidus (Temm.), PI. Col., i., E., C. & S. 

 pi. 19 (1824). [Ex Cuv., Pondicherry, type India, from 

 in Paris Mus.] Assam to 



Lesser Serpent -Eagle. Travancore. 



Slightly smaller, and wings shorter ; wing ^ 

 14.60-14.75 in. ; throat and cheeks and ear- 

 coverts ashy brown ; tail as in *S'. c. albidus ; 

 chest and upper breast always uniform darker 

 brown in adults ; primaries below with only 

 one blackish median band. 

 217b. S2nlornis cheela spilogaster Blyth, Jnl. As. Ceylon. 

 Soc. Beng., xxi., p. 351 (1852). [Ceylon.] 

 Ceylon Serpent -Eagle. 



Wing ^ 17-18 in.; $ 17.25-18.25 in.f 

 larger and much paler above and below ; with 

 the hind cheeks and ear -coverts ashy ; 

 thioat as pale as chest, but tinged with ashy 

 and, like chest, finely vermiculated ; white 



* Vermiculated in less old birds, which are much lighter below ; in 

 considering this difficult group it should alwa3^s he remembered that these 

 birds certainly darken with age. Temminck described nlbidu-s from a quite 

 juvenile bird, buffish white below with streaks and spots of dark brown. 

 The dark imiform chest is a sign of age like the single pale tail band, but the 

 typical S. c. cheela is a pale race and does not usually accjviire the uniform 

 chest ; although it always gets the single tail band. As we get away from the 

 typical race these characters vary, albidus (jcneraUij getting the uniform chest, 

 but not often being found with the pui-ely black tail and single band. The 

 northern forms are the largest and tlie southern smallest and more variable 

 in the characters mentioned ; also often, but not always, the darkest. The 

 moult is from the pale juvenile plumage straight into the brown under parts 

 with vermiculated chest and white spotted vmder parts, although the 

 brown comes out in the form of bars towards the vent gradually dividing the 

 white interspaces first into partial bars and then rounding them off into spots. 

 The vermiculations in some forms are lost later as the chest darkens and 

 becoiues viniform. 



f Measurement of a skin from 8han States in coll. Brit. Mus. Burmese 

 birds vary considerably in size, but it is impossible to place these large birds 

 with S. c. rutherfordi from Hainan, especially as the throat is different. 



