Andtomii of Aiistrailaii AmphUjla. 225 



1890. Marshall and Dies. [Marshall and Bles, '90, p. 133]. 

 They are easily seen, though not in everj' sec- 

 tion in a series; also, the whole length of a 

 nephrostome is rarely seen in one single section. 

 The nephro8i:ome>-tubule has no relation except 

 of apposition with the urinary tubules, and 

 opens by a conspicuous aperture through which a 

 tuft of flagella projects into the Renal Vein. 



1893. Farrington. [Farrington, '93], states that in Rana 

 catesbiana, and R. virescens, they may open 

 directly inwards, or take a short horizontal first. 

 He could not trace the internal opening with 

 certainty : though ciliary action was seen at the 

 external openings. By injection, he obtained 

 almost conclusive proof of their connection with 

 the Renal veins near the ventral surface. 



1898. Bles. [Bles, '98], finding considerable scepticism re- 

 garding the point, exhibited before the Cajii- 

 bridge Philosophical Society 4 sections, '" show- 

 ing a nephro.stome tubule opening into a narrow 

 space lined with endothelium and containing a 

 blood-corpuscle, the space being continuous with 

 venous spaces in neighbouring sections." 



1898. Frankl of Vienna. [Frankl, '98], attacking an allied 

 problem finds incidentally by injection that there 

 is no connection between the nephrostomes and 

 urinary tubules. 



1898. Beissner. [Beissner, '98], confirms the statements of 

 Nus^baaim [1886] Marshall and Bles. 



1902. Marshall's "' Frog." In the 8th edition of this work, the 

 Editor confirms and accepts Marshall's and Bles' 

 findings in 1890 and 1898, i.e., that the nephro- 

 stomes open into the Renal Veins. 



1902. Howes. [Howes, '02, PI. VII., Figs. XXXV.. ;,nd 

 XXXVI.], shows clearly the opening into these 

 blood-vessels. 



1905. Sedgwick, in the new edition of his text-book of 

 Zoology ['05, p. 295], Avrites : " In the Anura 

 nephrostomes are present. ... It has be«.'n 



