grained, or when the secreted test is coarsely porous or its wall 

 surface rugose. High magnifications, to x 90 or even more, are 

 useful in determining the true nature of the wall. Another 

 method for recognizing presence or absence of porosity is to 

 touch the specimen with a lightly moistened brush and to watch 

 (under the microscope) the water as it either evaporates around 

 the imperforate test or sinks into the finely porous one. 



Internal structures, such as tubes and septa, and chamber 

 arrangements can be observed by use of transmitted light, rather 

 than the reflected light customarily used for study of 

 Foraminifera. To do this, the specimen must be transferred 

 from the usual cardboard slide to a glass slide. Glycerine or 

 clarifying oils such as those used for petrographic study are 

 useful aids in observing internal features of Foraminifera 

 without the necessity of breaking the tests. 



The tests of some species are described as flexible or collaps- 

 ible. This feature is demonstrable only when the animal is first 

 collected and is still in seawater. As soon as it is dried, the test 

 collapses into a flattened shape or shows concavities instead of 

 convexities over the empty chambers. Some of these collapsed 

 tests may reinflate when wetted. By observation of these sorts of 

 deformity, one can conclude that the test was flexible. 



At the many final dichotomies in this key, the separations are 

 often made between species on the basis of imprecise features 

 that, if only one species is under study, are very difficult to 

 assess. Such imprecise features include slight differences in 

 shape of test, length of septal bridges, or angle of sutures; small 

 differences in number of chambers; differences in degree of 

 inflation or compression, of roughness of wall, or of coarseness 

 of pores; and differences of rigidity and flexibility. The subjec- 

 tive judgment required to choose between such nonspecific 

 separations can be aided by two specific factors: size of the 

 specimen and its habitat. Size is included in the key descriptions 

 and habitat is included in the annotated list following the key. 



GLOSSARY 



acute Sharp, angled. 



agglutinated, arenaceous Test composed of foreign 

 material, such as mud, sediment grains, shell fragments, 

 spicules, or other Foraminifera, gathered by the animal. 



annular Arranged in a ring. 



apertural face A flattened area on the edge of the test 

 upon which or at the base of which, the aperture is situated 

 (see Figs. 2b, 3c, lib, 17, 22). 



aperture Main (largest) opening or openings from the 

 interior to exterior of the final chamber of the test (see Figs. 

 1, 3c, lib, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18b, 19b, 21, 22). 



apical end Initial end, basal, referring to the beginning of the 

 test. 



arched-shaped aperture (see Fig. 3c). 



arenaceous, agglutinated Test composed of foreign 

 material, such as mud, sediment grains, shell fragments, 

 spicules, or other Foraminifera, gathered by the animal. 



attached Test is cemented to a foreign object. 



biconvex Bulging on both sides. 



bifid tooth Having two prongs or branches (see Fig. 13). 



biloculine coiling In which two chambers constitute a 

 whorl, each chamber is half a coil long, and the chambers are 

 added at intervals of 180° around the axis of coiling so that 

 each succeeding chamber completely encloses the next to the 

 last preceding chamber, and only two chambers are visible 



from the exterior— one from one side of the test and both 

 from the other (see Fig. 10). 



biserial Chambers arranged in two adjacent rows (see Fig. 

 5). 



calcareous Composed of lime (CaC03). 



chamber Subdivision of the test making an enclosure or 

 cavity, inside which the animal lives (see Figs. 2a, 3a). 



coil (or whorl ) A ring of chambers or, in a single-chambered 

 test, a complete rotation of the single chamber (see Figs. 1 , 

 2a, 3a, 11a, b, 21, 22). 



coiled (or spiral ) side The side of the test on which the earlier 

 whorls are visible (see Fig. 3a). 



comma-shaped aperture In which the aperture is rounded at 

 one end and pinched together at the opposite end (see Fig. 

 17). 



complex aperture Aperture consisting of more than one open- 

 ing (see Figs. 18, 19, 22). 



compressed Flattened. 



concavo-convex Hollowed out on one side and bulging on the 

 other. 



costae; costate Raised ribs; covered with raised ribs. 



crenulated Notched. 



cribrate aperture Consisting of a group of large pores (see Fig. 

 22). 



depressed Indented, incised, lower than the surrounding sur- 

 face (said of sutures or umbilicus)(see Fig. 3c). 



equatorial aperture Opening on the edge of the test. 



evolute coiling Coiling in which all the earlier whorls of the 

 test are visible and not hidden under later whorls (see Fig. 1). 



excavated Lower than the surrounding area. 



flush Level with the surface of the surrounding area. 



friable Crumbly, easily broken apart. 



granular; granules Finely roughened; grainy. 



hispid Very finely spinose, hairy. 



hyaline Transparent or translucent; having a luster like glass. 



imperforate (or porcellaneous) wall Solid, lacking pores; hav- 

 ing a luster like porcelain. 



incised Indented. 



initial end The beginning of the test. 



involute coiling Coiling in which all the earlier whorls are 

 hidden under the final whorl (see Figs. 2a, b). 



keel A distinct rim (see Figs. 2a, b). 



limbate Thickened. 



lobe An inflated part of the chamber. 



lobulate Scalloped in outline (said of the periphery as observed 

 in side view) (see Figs. 3a, b). 



miliolids Specimens belonging in the family Miliolidae, 

 characterized by having an imperforate wall. 



milioline coiling Coiling in which two chambers make up each 

 whorl (see Figs. 7, 8, 9, 10). 



multiserial Chambers arranged in more than a single row (see 

 Figs. 5, 6). 



neck A slender tubular end of the final chamber (see Fig. 16). 



ovate Egg-shaped, having a larger diameter toward one end 

 than toward the other. 



papillae; papillate Small, blunt, raised knobs; covered by 

 small, blunt raised knobs. 



perforate wall Penetrated by very fine pores; porous. 



periphery; peripheral Edge; at the edge (see Figs. 2b, 3c). 



phenotypes Two or more forms of a species that differ in their 

 visible characters. 



phialine lip Surrounded by an outward-fiaring rim, like that 

 on a vial (see Fig. 16). 



