40 



a directian nearly north and south. On the New Jersey side of the 

 river is a perpendicular trap ridge called the Pallisades. That is to 

 say it is perpendicular on the river but slopes up more gradually 

 down on other side. This has a maximum height of 55o feet, about 

 3oo feet at Fort Lee and 200 feet at West lloboken. It slopes down 

 and divindles out and just below Jersey City where it assumes a 

 heigt of only one foot. Here it passes to Staten Island to higher al- 

 titude there. It ends just opposite Perth Amboy. The trap rock is 

 of a dark grey and seems to be formed of perpendicular crystals 

 often several feet across. Behind it in New Jersey, is the tlat land, 

 juts above the levai of the sea, forming the meadows of Newark. 

 This is moist, and cut by several dikes which open into the two 

 rivers the Hackensack and Passale. Through the meadows runs the 

 Hackensack river which starts in New York just above the borders 

 of New Jersey and flows south until it emties into Newark bay just 

 south of Jersey City. On the meadows there comes up a round per- 

 pendicular island of grey trap rock that is known as Snake Hill. 

 The grey trap rock appears also at the other side of the meadows 

 in little bosses. These meadows terminated by a low ridge of sand- 

 stone, red, the Newark sandstone of Russell, the Juro-Triassic of 

 Dana. This ridge ot sandstone is rounded and not high or long, 

 extendling from opposite Paterson to Newark. It runs almost north 

 and south. On the other side of the ridge is the Passale river which 

 is slow and not wide. It extends in this portion north and south 

 from Paterson to just below Newark where it emtiens into Newark 

 bay, a sheet of water with the trap rock of the Pallisades on one 

 side and the Hat extensions of the meadows, which are also wet 

 and cut with dikes below Newark, between Newark and Elizabeth 

 abouth four miles off. Opposite Paterson the land is low extending 

 to Newark meadows and sandy, light grey and different to that of 

 Newark, which will be described further on. The soil of the mea- 

 dows is a grey day, the Sunken Coast period that I described in 

 the May number of the American Journal of Science i8g5. 



At Newark, which is on the opposite side of the Passale river, 

 the land rises and is composed of red sandy day, the moraine of 

 the ice in the Glacial period, untili it is high up in Newark, where 

 Newark sandstone comes through. The sandstone appears several 



