41 



times in parallel ridges, north and south, untili Grange is reached 

 five milcs avvay. Ilere therc is another grey ridge, not so perpen- 

 dicular as the first on its slopcs vvhich has high up and on its sides, 

 underneath, the Newark red sandslonc. This trap ridge bends around 

 to Form a bow near Plainficld. It has a break in it at Millburn and 

 another above Montclair, at the Great Notch. It has a moredecided 

 break where the red sandstone is thrown up, at Paterson. Here the 

 Passale river breaks through and over at the Great Falls. 



This rangc is known as the Watchungor First Mountain. Thcre 

 is a low balley on the other side of it washed by Fahway river, a 

 brook here, emtying into Newark bay south and Peckmans Brook 

 emtying into the Passale river north of Little Falls, four rniles above 

 Paterson. 



This is succeeded by another grey trap ridge that likewise runs 

 north and south. It is known as the second Mountain. It end at the 

 south by Mendum and north near Caldwcll. Another valley wider 

 and covered by grey and blue clay and fiat is washed by the Pas- 

 sale Piver, which here runs north. On the other side of the valley 

 are the gneiss mcuntains which are made up of outliers of the 

 Kittatinnay, which are part of the Appalachian Range, which go 

 north and south through the state. 



The valley thus enclosed bv the Watchung Mountain on the 

 cast, by the Kittatinnay on the west, by a bending around by the 

 Watchung Mountain on the south and by the Kittatinnay Mountains, 

 which form outliers on the north. 



It is washed by the Passale River whose course is extremely 

 slow. Being a stagnant stream hardly Oowing at ali. Untili it comes 

 to Little Falls where it falls over the rapids of Little Falls and pas- 

 ses down rapidly through the red sandstone to Paterson where it 

 falls over the Great Falls, which are made of grey trap rock. At 

 Little Falls there is a fall of 5i feet in the distance of half a mile. 

 Between Little Falls and the Great Falls the fall is lò feet, and at 

 the Great Falls the fall is perpendicular about 5o feet in a chasm 

 of óo feet wide. The whole course of the river from where it rises 

 near Mendum to its mouth is about 70 miles. \n its whole course 

 it has looked to ali points of the compass. 



At Hatfield Swamp, about a mile from Caldwell, is the lowest 



