xxii CONTENTS 



PAGES 



leaf-fall within the tropics. Diversity in appearance of trees during the dry seasons. Seasons of 

 the year and vegetation in the campos. ii. Growth. Periodic defoliation in certain species inde- 

 pendently of the season. Individual periodicity of the separate shoots of many tropical plants. 

 iii. Temperate Woody Plants in the Tropics. 3. Periodicity in the Sexual Domain, 

 i. General Considerations. Separation in point of time of vegetative and reproductive activity. 

 ii. Constantly Humid Districts. Non-contemporaneous flowering of different twigs in woody 

 plants. Simultaneous flowering of all individuals of a species without relation to the season of 

 the year. Connexion between formation of flowers and leaf fall. iii. Periodically Dry Districts. 

 Abundance of flowers in the dry seasons and at the commencement of the wet seasons. Poverty in 

 flowers at the height of the wet season. The wet season the period for ripening fruit, iv. Special 

 Cases. Climate and flowering season in Java, in North-west India, in Ceylon, in British Guiana. 

 4. The Caesalpiniaceae in the Botanic Garden at Buitenzorg . . . 241-259 



CHAPTER III. WOODLAND CLIMATE AND GRASSLAND CLIMATE 



IN THE TROPICS 



1. The Kinds of Climatic Formations in the Tropics. 2. High-Forest Climate in the 

 Tropics. Climate of the Malay Archipelago according to Woeikof. Conditions of rainfall in 

 other tropical high-forest districts. Rain-forest and monsoon-forest in Cis-gangetic India. 

 Atmospheric humidity and temperature. Climatic tables taken from tropical high-forest dis- 

 tricts. 3. Thorn-Forest Climate in Cis-gangetic India. 4. Woodland Climate and 

 Savannah Climate in Brazil. Coast mountain-ranges and campos of Sao Paulo. Campos 

 and forests in Minas Geraes. Xerophilous woodland climate of the Sertao. 5. Climate of 

 Northern South America and of the Antilles. 6. Climate of Tropical Africa. West 

 coast. Savannah of the central African plateau. Summary ..... 260 283 



CHAPTER IV. TROPICAL DISTRICTS CONSTANTLY MOIST 



1. Distribution of the Tropical Rain-Forest. 2. General Character of the Tropical 

 Rain-Forest. i. External Aspect of the Forest. Surface and profile. ii. Interior of the 

 Forest. Variable density. Frecjuent and widespread constituents of the flora. Woody plants. 

 Herbs. Lianes. Epiphytes. The struggle for light. Atmospheric humidity, iii. Tropical 

 Rain-Forest in Asia. Vegetation and flora on the Gedeh and Salak in Java. Characteristic 

 forms. Occurrence of brightly-coloured flowers. Rain- forest in Pegu, according to F. Kurz. 

 iv. Tropical Pain-Forest in Africa. The forest of the Loango coast according to Pechuel- 

 Losche. Rain-forest in Usambara. v. Tropical Pain-Forest in America, vi. Tropical Pain- 

 Forest in Australia and Polynesia. 3. Oecological Characteristics of Plants growing in 

 the Rain-Forest, i. Trees and Shrubs of the Pain-Forest. The stems of the trees. Plank- 

 buttresses. Bark. Branching, ii. Terrestrial Herbs of the Rain-Forest. Coloured foliage. 

 The Hymenophyllaceae. iii. Lianes of the Rain-Forest. Palm-lianes. Scrambling bamboos. 

 Root-climbers. Cyclanthaceae and Pandanaceae. Araceae. Their absorbing and attaching 

 roots. Twiners. Tendrillous plants. Species of Bauhinia with ribbon-shaped, wavy stems. 

 iv. Epiphytes of the Rain- Forest. Occurrence. Subdivision according to their mode of life into 

 Proto-epiphytes, Hemi-epiphytes, Nest-epiphytes, Tank-epiphytes. Characteristics of the groups. 

 Water-reservoirs. Velamen of orchids and aroids. Aphyllous orchids. The banyan. Humus- 

 collecting orchids. Ferns with collecting funnels and with pocket-leaves. Bromeliaceae. Ab- 

 sorption of water through the leaves. Illumination of epiphytes. Epiphylly. Distribution of 

 epiphytes on an individual tree. v. Buds in the Pain-Forest. Unprotected buds. Protective 

 devices of active buds. The sprouting of leaves. Pendent leaves and pendent shoots. Flower- 

 buds under water. Flower-buds with water-calyces, vi. Cauliflory in the Rain-Forest. Cauli- 

 flory on stem and branches. Aphyllous fertile twigs, vii. Saprophytes and Parasites in the 

 Rain-Forest. Plants without chlorophyll belonging to the Orchidaceae, Burmanniaceae, Triuri- 

 daceae, Gentianaceae. Balanophoraceae. RafHesia. Loranthaceae .... 284-344 



