CONTENTS 



CHAPTER V. TROPICAL DISTRICTS WITH PRONOUNCED DRY 



SEASONS 



PAGES 



i. General Characteristics of the Vegetation in Periodically Dry Tropical Districts. 



Formations. Xerophilous trees. Xerophilous shrubs. Lianes. Epiphytes. 2. Woodland 

 Formations in Periodically Dry Tropical Districts, i. General Remarks. Transforma- 

 tion in woodland vegetation by gradual transition from constantly humid to periodically dry 

 districts. Chief types of woodland : monsoon- forest, savannah-forest, thorn-forest, ii. T7-opo- 

 philous and Xerophilous Woodland in India. Forest vegetation in Pegu according to Kurz. 

 Forests of Tectona grandis in East Java. iii. Woodland in Tropical East Africa. Fngler's 

 description of the formations, iv. Tropophilons and Xerophilous Woodland in Tropical 

 America. Savannah-forest in Venezuela. Thorn-bushland 'caatinga) of Brazil. Thorn-bush- 

 land on the limestone hills in Minas Geraes. 3. Tropical Grassland Formations, i. General 

 Character of Savannah, ii. Savannah in Africa. Savannah on the Loango coast according to 

 Pechuel-Lcische. The baobab. East African savannah according to H. Meyer and Engler. 

 iii. Savannah in America. The llanos. The camp.os of Brazil according to Warming 345—377 



CHAPTER VI. EDAPHIC INFLUENCES IN THE TROPICS 



1. Edaphic Influences in Tropical Inland Country, i. Laterite. Physical and chemical 

 properties. Effects on vegetation. Eng-forest in Burma, ii. Lime. Unfavourable influence on 

 vegetation in the tropics. Occurrence of thorn-forest on calcareous soil. iii. Humus. Its 

 relatively slight development in the tropics. Regur in South India. Absence of peat-formation. 

 iv. Siliceous Soil. Sal-forest of India. Bamboo-forest, v. Swampy Ground. Palm-woods. 

 Swamp-forest in Burma. Swamps without forest, vi. Futnaroles in Java. Xerophilous vegeta- 

 tion. 2. Formations of the Tropical Sea-shore, i. Classification of Tropical Littoral 

 Formations, ii. Open Formations of the Sandy Shore. Pes-caprae formation. Littoral shrubs. 

 Pandanus. iii. Littoral Woodland above High-tide Mark. Its occurrence in the Malay Archi- 

 pelago, in Pegu, in East Africa. Oecological characters. Casuarina-forest. iv. Woodland 

 I'ormations below High-tide Mark. Mangrove or tidal woodland. The Eastern mangrove. 

 Characteristic plants. Oecological characters. Rhizophora mucronata. Vivipary and germina- 

 tion in Rhizophoraceae, Aegiceras, and Avicennia. Habit of mangrove-plants. Stilt-roots. 

 Pneumatophores. Physiognomy of the mangrove- forest in South Java. Nipa-formation. 

 Transition to the inland formations. The Western mangrove, v. Distribution of Littoral Forma- 

 tions in the Tropics ............. 378-411 



SECTION II. THE TEMPERATE ZONES 



CHAPTER I. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TEMPERATE 

 CLIMATE AND ITS EFFECTS ON VEGETATION AND FLORA 



1. General Characteristics of the Temperate Climate, i. Heat. Great differences of 

 temperature. Maritime climate and continental climate. Isotherms of January and July. 

 Diurnal oscillations, ii. Light. Zone-like differentiation of light. Absorption and diffusion of 

 light in different latitudes, iii. Atmospheric L^recipitations. Periodicity and amount of precipi- 

 tation. Significance in relation to the soil. 2. Some General Effects of the Temperate 

 Climate on Plant-life. i. Effects of ILeat. Its fundamental significance. Temperatures 

 below freezing-point. Zone with a mild winter and zone with a cold winter. Distribution of 

 species. Mesothermic plants. Lack of uniformity of the oecological optimum temperature, 

 ii. Effects of Light. Amount and intensity of light. Fixed lie of leaves in relation to light. 

 Diffuse light in temperate zones, iii. Effects of Atmospheric Ih-ecipitations. Smaller significance 

 when compared with the tropics. 3. Character of the Flora of Temperate Zones. General 

 survey of the mesothermic forms ........... 412.430 



