CONTENTS xxv 



PAGES 



2. Sclerophyllous Woodland in Mediterranean Countries. Maquis. Physiognomy. 

 Systematic composition. Characteristic plants. 3. Sclerophyllous Woodland in Cape 

 Colony. Low bushes. Rarity of trees. Prevalence of small linear leaves. 4. Sclerophyllous 

 Woodland in South and West Australia. Oecological resemblance to other sclero- 

 phyllous woodlands. Prevalence of narrow elliptical leaves. The South-West Australian 

 ' scrub,' according to Schomburgk and according to Behr. 5. Sclerophyllous Woodland in 

 California. Oecological and systematic character. Shrubs. High forest of Sequoia semper- 

 virens. The ' chaparrals.' 6. Sclerophyllous Woodland in Chili. Oecology and systematic 

 composition ......... ..... 507-541 



CHAPTER VI. WOODLAND AND GRASSLAND CLIMATES IN THE 

 COLD TEMPERATE BELTS 



1. General Considerations. 2. Forest and Prairie in the United States of North 

 America. Four districts based on climate and vegetation. Mean rainfall in the four districts. 

 The winds. 3. Climate and Vegetation in Russia. Climate of the steppes. Dissimilarity 

 of the winds in Northern and Southern Russia. Climatic conditions of the forests in Central 

 and Northern Russia. 4. The Hungarian Plain. Hunfalvy on the Hungarian steppe- 

 climate. 5. Cold Temperate Eastern Asia. Conditions in regard to precipitations. Distri- 

 bution of forest and grassland. Summary ........ 542—555 



CHAPTER VII. FOREST FORMATIONS OF THE COLD TEMPERATE 



BELTS 



1. General Oecology of the Summer-Forest, i. Introduction. Tropophilous character 

 of the forest in the cold temperate belts. Coniferous and broad-leaved forests, ii. The 

 Broad-Leaved Summer-Forest. Comparison with the rain-forest. Luxuriant development 

 near sheets of water. Effects of light. Underwood. Lianes. Absence or rarity of higher 

 epiphytes. Optimum illumination of the shade-flora. Demands on light of Hepatica triloba 

 and other shade-plants. Structure of the trees. The arrangement of their branches ; their 

 foliage. Comparison of the trees with those of xerophilous tropical woodland. Structure of 

 the shrubs. iii. The Coniferous Forest. Illumination. Xerophilous structure of the trees. 

 Tropophilous mode of life. Evergreen broad-leaved trees. 2. Special Illustrations, i. The 

 Forests of North America. Differentiation of the North American forest according to Sargent. 

 The subpolar or northern forest belt. The Atlantic and Pacific northern forest. The Pacific 

 forests are coniferous. The Pacific Coast forest. Its northern part. Forest of the Sierra Nevada. 

 Sequoia gigantea. The Pacific Interior forest. Stunted character. Atlantic forests. Province 

 of Pinus Strobus. Its oecology and flora. The broad-leaved summer-forest of the Mississippi 

 and of the Atlantic plain. Forests of North Carolina according to W. W. Ashe. ii. The 

 Forests of Europe. Virgin forest in Bohemia according to Goeppert. Forest on the eastern 

 shore of the Black Sea. iii. The Forests of Siberia and Eastern Asia. Comparison of the 

 Siberian forest with that of subpolar North America. Physiognomy of the Siberian forest 

 according to Middendorff. Eastern Asiatic forests in Kamchatka ; in Saghalin ; on the Amur. 

 The summer-forest of Japan according to Rein and Mayr. iv. The Forests of Tierra del Fuego. 

 Their character according to Dusen .......... 556-590 



CHAPTER VIII. GRASSLAND FORMATIONS OF THE COLD 

 TEMPERATE BELTS 



1. General Oecology of Grassland. Meadow and steppe. Protective measures in 

 meadows against winter drought. Hygrophilous character during the vegetative season. Xero- 

 philous structure of steppe-plants. 2. The Vegetation in Meadow Districts and Steppe 

 Districts, i. Meadow. Meadow in Europe. Meadow in Eastern Asiatic r^rkland and in 

 North America, ii. Steppe. Western part of the North American prairie. The prairie in 



