xxviii CONTENTS 



PAGES 



Natal. Regions according to Thode. iv. South America. Argentine Cordilleras. South 

 Chili. 2. The Regions in Warm Temperate Districts with Moist Winters, i. Medi- 

 terranean Countries. Lebanon. Atlas. Sierra Nevada. Mont Ventoux. Apennines. Aetna. 

 South Macedonian mountains. Athos. Canary Isles. Laurel-forest in the montane region of 

 the Canaries, ii. America. California. Chili. 3. The Regions in the Cold Tem- 

 perate Belts, i. Switzerland. Forests of the basal and montane regions. Alpine region. 

 Elfin-wood. Rhododendron. Shrubland. Alpine grassland. Rock-flora. Flora and climate 

 of the St. Theodule Pass. ii. Regional Tables. Regions on the Tatra range ; on the Pyrenees ; 

 on the Caucasus ; on the Tian-Shan ; on the Altai ; on Ontake ; on the White Mountains ; on the 

 Rocky Mountains ; in Tierra del Fnego ......... 75°"7^° 



SECTION V. AQUATIC VEGETATION 



CHAPTER I. GENERAL CONDITIONS OE EXISTENCE OF 

 AQUATIC PLANTS 



1. Halophytes and Non-halophytes. Salt, fresh, and brackish water. 2. Differentia- 

 tion of Aquatic Vegetation. Horizontal differentiation. Vertical differentiation. Benthos, 

 plankton, hemiplankton. Physics and chemistry of the substratum. 3. Periodic Phenomena. 

 4. Special Consideration of the Factors. Salts. Temperature. Light . . 7S1— 7S5 



CHAPTER II. MARINE VEGETATION 



Introduction. Families composing the marine flora. I. The Benthos, i. General. 

 Lithophytes, sand-plants, mud-plants. Epiphytes. Photic region: emerging belt, submerged 

 belt. Horizontal differentiation. ii. The Benthos of Tropical Seas. Sargassum. Poverty in 

 plants belonging to the emerging belt. iii. 77ie Benthos of Warm Temperate Seas. Differentia- 

 tion in the Bay of Naples according to Berthold. Predominant significance of light. Periodicity 

 of light and periodicity of movement, iv. The Benthos of Cold Temperate Seas. Preponderance 

 of brown Algae. Emerging and submerged belts. Reduced influence of light. Temperature 

 and periodicity. Change of fronds. South temperate seas. v. The Arctic Benthos. Great 

 luxuriance. Role of the Fucaceae and Laminariaceae. Habitats. Periodicity. 2. The 

 Pelagic Plankton. Systematic comparison. Oecological characteristics. Regions of illumina- 

 tion. Climatic zones ............. 786-807 



CHAPTER III. FRESH-WATER VEGETATION 



1. Systematic and Oecological Survey. Families of plants in fresh water. Subdivision 

 of forms into five oecological types. 2. Fresh-water Lakes, i. General. Predominance of the 

 photic region. ii. The Differentiation of the Vegetation. 1. The Limnetic Benthos of Lakes. 

 Belt-like arrangement in the photic region. Lime-excreting Cyanophyceae. Dysphotic region. 

 2. 77/i? Limnetic Plankton of Lakes. Flora and oecology. 3. Flowing Water. Floating 

 vegetation. Lithophytes of torrents. Podostemaceae. 4. Periodic Phenomena of the 

 Vegetation of Fresh Water. Benthos and plankton at different seasons. 5. The 

 Vegetation of Snow and Ice. Causes and distribution of red snow. Sphaerella nivalis. 

 Other microphytes on snow and ice . 808-824 



INDEX 825-839 



