Chap. II] GUILDS 205 



cally sharply divided. The majority of holosaprophytes belong to 

 monocotyledons, which include no parasites, and the families in which 

 parasites occur include no saprophytes. Not only the Balanophoraceae, 

 Rafflesiaceae, Orobanchaceae, and Lennoaceae, which are exclusively 

 holoparasites, and the Loranthaceae and Santalaceae, which consist chiefly 

 of hemiparasites, but also the Convolvulaceae (Cuscuta), Scrophulariaccae 

 (Melampyrum, Euphrasia, Rhinanthus), and Lauraceae (Cassytha), in which 

 only some genera are parasitic, include no saprophytes. There are not 

 even any hemisaprophytes in the last-mentioned three families. 



Parasites are not confined to definite climatic conditions and are 

 therefore found in all zones and districts. Hence geographically they 

 are only of slight interest, and have been referred to here only because 

 they frequently contribute some details to the oecological characters of 

 formations. 



SELECT LITERATURE. 

 1. Lianes. 



The numerous treatises on lianes deal for the most part only with their anatomical 



characters or physiological properties. They have been carefully catalogued by 



H. Schenck. The following works are oecologically interesting in relation to 



phyto-geography : 



Miiller, F. I. Notes on some of the climbing plants near Desterro in South Brazil. 



Journ. Linn. Soc. Botany. Vol. IX. 1867. 



II. Zweigklimmer. Kosmos. Bd. VI. 1887. 



Schenck, H. I. Beitrage zur Biologie und Anatomie der Lianen, im Besonderen 

 der in Brasilien einheimischen Arten. Theil I. Beitrage zur Biologie der 

 Lianen. Botan. Mittheil. aus den Tropen. Heft IV. Jena, 1897. 



II. Beitrage, etc. Theil II. Beitrage zur Anatomie der Lianen. Ibid. Heft V. 



Jena, 1893. 

 Treub, M. I. Sur une nouvelle categorie de plantes grimpantes. Annales du Jardin 



Botanique de Buitenzorg. Vol. III. 1882. 

 II. Observations sur les plantes grimpantes du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg. 



Ibid. Vol. IV. 1883. 

 Westermaier, M., und Ambronn, H. Beziehungen zwischen Lebensweise und 



Structur der Schling- und Kletterpflanzen. Flora. Jahrg. LXIV. 1881. 



2. Epiphytes. 



What refers to epiphytes is based on the following work : — 

 Schimper, A. F. W. Die epiphytische Vegetation Amerikas. Botan. Mittheil. aus 

 den Tropen. Heft I. Jena, 1888. 

 The literature in Chap. IV of Sect. I, Part III, may be consulted as regards 

 epiphytes of the tropics, and for epiphytes of the temperate zones that of 

 Chap. IV of Sect. II, Part III. 



