Chap. VII] COLD TEMPERATE FOREST FORMATIONS 573 



scattered in the broad-leaved forests. Several other conifers, such as Tsuga 

 canadensis, Juniperus virginiana, are common and vigorous here, and several 

 broad-leaved trees exhibit their best development in the Pinus Strobus 

 province ; such are Tilia americana, Fraxinus sambucifolia and F. ameri- 

 cana, Acer saccharinum, various species of Betula and Ulmus, whilst other 

 trees attain their northern limit here, for instance most species of Ouercus, 

 Juglans, Liriodendron, and Sassafras. Apart from the composition of 

 their flora these forests, which I examined at several spots, though not in 

 their virgin condition, greatly resemble forests of Central Europe, for 



Fig. 316. Forest in the plain of the White River, Indiana. Ampelopsis quinquefolia, Michx., 

 as a liane. From ' Garden and Forest.' 



instance those of the Vosges. The very varied underwood is well 

 developed only in thin forests, but even there it is usually of low growth ; 

 and lianes, with the exception of Rhus Toxicodendron, appear only near 

 the edge of the forest or in very moist or thin woods (Fig. 316); so that 

 a clear view may be always obtained between the tree-trunks, which are 

 only scantily clothed with mosses and lichens. In many forests I saw the 

 ground bare or somewhat mossy, with a few little undershrubs and herbs 

 like Pyrola, Chimaphila, and Cornus canadensis. 



