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ZONES AND REGIONS [Pt. Ill, Sect. II 



which, owing to the close crowding of the trees, to the prevailing darkness, and to 

 the number of rotting trunks lying in all directions on the ground, reminded me of 



the West African virgin forests that I had seen, but differed from them in that the 

 soil is not bare, but is covered by a perfectly continuous carpet of liverworts. . . . 

 The phanerogams in this virgin forest are few in number. Among shrubs, Berberis 



