726 



ZONES AND REGIONS [Pt. Ill, Sect. IV 



region. In the montane region the atmospheric precipitations no longer 

 suffice for rain-forest ; this is therefore replaced by a more xero- 

 philous woodland formation, the tjcmoro-forcst. Casuarina montana, 

 Leschen., called tjemoro by the Malays (Figs. 423, 424), is the sole 

 tree of this forest, which may be regarded as a peculiar form of 

 savannah-forest. As is so often the case with savannah-forest, the 

 tjemoro-forest passes over in places into extensive savannah, for instance 

 on the Tengger and on the plateau of Djeng. Only the highest 



Fig. 422. Leptospermum floribundum on the 

 summit of Pangerango, Java. From a photograph 

 by Karsten. 



Fig. 423. Casuarina montana, Leschen., in the 

 montane savannah, Tengger, East Java. About 

 9,000 ft. From a photograph by Kobus. 



peaks protrude beyond the tjemoro-forest and tjemoro-savannah, for in- 

 stance Widodaren, the highest of the five peaks of the extinct volcano 

 Arjuno. 



Tjemoro-forest covers the broad ridges of the deeply fissured sides 

 of Arjuno ; the narrow ravines are filled by low broad-leaved forest, 

 chiefly of Quercus pruinosa. The montane region extends from about 

 1,800 to 2,800 meters above sea-level with a vegetation thus com- 

 posed. 



A greater contrast can hardly be imagined than that between the 

 temperate rain-forest occupying the same high altitudes in West Java and 

 this xerophilous tjemoro-forest. Of the luxuriance of foliage of the 



