73* 



ZONES AND REGIONS [Pt. Ill, Sect. IV 



a marked tendency towards oval and round forms, particularly near the base, and 

 the generally entire margins are not seldom recurved.' Prevailing under these little 

 trees are: Ericaceae (Rhododendron, Diplycosia, Vaccinium), Quercus Havilandii, 

 Rubiaceae, Myrsinaceae, Coniferae (Podocarpus cupressina, Dacrydium elatum). 



Species of Nepenthes play an 

 important part. The systematic 

 composition shows points of af- 

 finity to the temperate rain-forest 

 of New Zealand and Japan. 



Above the Pakapaka cave 

 (10,450 ft.) woody vegetation 

 becomes shrubby, and no longer 

 covers the huge masses of rock 

 forming the summit. At the 

 highest stations the habit of the 

 plants is quite alpine, the axes are 

 much shortened, the leaves small, 

 densely packed, and very thick. 

 Only three dwarf-shrubs were 

 collected between 12,000 ft. and 

 13,000 ft. (Symplocos buxifolia, 

 Coprosma Hookeri, Drapeteseri- 

 coides, Fig. 433). Boggy spots 

 are covered with herbaceous 

 vegetation, including species of 

 Ranunculus, Potentilla, Halo- 

 ragis, Gentiana, Havilandia (Bo- 

 raginaceae, nov. gen.), Aletris, 

 and some Cyperaceae. An iden- 

 tical vegetation appears in the 

 crevices of the rocks, where there 

 also grow two grasses confined 

 to the summit, Deschampsia fiex- 

 uosa var. and Agrostis canina var. 



v. CEYLON. 



Fig. 430. Alpine flora of Java. Gnaphalium involucra- 

 tum. Arjuno, East Java. 1. from the montane Casuarina 

 region (about 2,000 meters) ; 2. from the alpine region 

 (about 3,300 meters). Two-thirds natural size. 



The mountain chain in Cey- 

 lon on its western, rainy slopes, 

 displays in the basal region 

 tropical rain-forest, but in the montane region temperate rain-forest. 

 The trees in the temperate rain-forest (chiefly species of Calophyllum and 

 Eugenia, Fig. 434) have massive trunks and usually umbrella-shaped 

 crowns ; in habit they resemble many trees in the rain- forest of South Chili. 

 The leaves are somewhat small, smooth, and glossy. Plank-buttresses on 

 the trunks, which are very common in the basal region, are absent here ; 



