38 JOURNAL OF THE ARNOLD ARBORETUM [vol. i 



{Pruniis serrulata var. puhescens Wils,)5 Wild Pear {Pyrus iissnritn^-is 

 Maxim. )j Crab Ap])lc {Mains baccata var. mandshurica Schncid.), Tree 

 Lilac {Syringa amurensis Rupr.), Maackia amurcnsis Rupr. & Maxim, and 

 Aralia chineiisis L., Acantliopanax ricinif alius Seem, and the two Lindens 

 Tilia amurensis Rupr. and T, mandshnrica Rui)r. & Maxim, Tlie above 

 trees all grow in plenty and when in flower tlieir effect on the landscape can 

 easily be imagined. Tlie Pear in particular is noteworlhy as being the most 

 cold-resisting of Asiatic species and as growing to a larger size than any 

 other — trees from 60 to 75 ft. with crowns as much in diamcler and 

 trunks from 10 to 14 ft. in girth are not unconnnon. It is wides])read in 

 Korea and is frequently found in the forest de])ths though more usually 

 by the side of streams and on the edge of the forest. The fruil, which is 

 depressed-globose and from one third to half an inch in diameter, may be 

 ru(hly or green and with or without the remains of the calyx; the leaves, 

 which vary in sha])C and serration, assume rich bronze and purple tints in 

 autumn. Cultivated forms of this species are grown in gardens in Korea, 

 Manchuria and north China and yield palatal)le fruit of good size. The 

 Crab Api)le is a tree of moderate size and its wealth of white blossoms in 

 si)ring is followed by an abundance of small, greenish red to scarlet fruits. 

 It loves a cool soil and is particularly happy in thickets on the banks of 

 mountain streams. 



As in other boreal floras conifers are abundant. Besides the Red Pine 

 {Vinus densijlora S. & Z.), whose i>roTninence has already been aHuded to, 

 the Korean Nut Pine {P. koraiensis S. & Z.) is a very common tree on the 

 mountains, and the Creeping Pine {P, pntnlla Regel) clothes the u]>i)er 

 sloi)es and summits of most of the higher peaks from Kangaku-san, about 

 Lat. SS*^ 30' N., northward except that of Paiktu-san itself from which it is 

 entirely absent. Two Firs {Abies hoJopIujlla Maxim, and A. nephrolcpis 

 Maxim.) are both i)lentiful, the first-named being indigenous and confined 

 to the low^-levels and the other the mountain species. A third s])ecies re- 

 stricted to Quel})aert and Cliiri-san has been referred to already. A flat- 

 leaf Spruce {Picea jezoensis Carr.) and another with four-angled leaves (P. 

 Koyaniai Shiras.) grow in Korea. The latter is confined to tlie north and 

 more especially the northeast but the flat-leaf sj^ecies grows as far south 

 as Chiri-san. An unnamed species of Thuja is common on high, non- 

 volcanic mountains from the Diamond Mts. northward; in the forest it is 

 a sturdy shrub or even a small tree often 30 ft. tall but on high treeless 

 slo])es it is an undergrowth to Pinns pnmila Regel. One Juniper {Jnni- 

 .perus rigida S. & Z.) is very common, more especially in open country 

 and thin woods of Red Pine or Oak; another {J. communis var. viontana 

 Ait.), grows only in the north, whilst a third {J. chincnsis var, Sargenlii 

 Henry), is confined to rocky places high up on the mountains but is dis- 

 tributed from the extreme north to Quc^lpaert where it grows on Ilallai- 

 san at IGOO m. and upwards. To complete the list of conifers Indigenous 

 on the j)eninsula it remains to mention a Larch {Larix dahurica var. Prin- 



cipis-Rupprechtii Rehd. & ^Yils.) which covers much of the volcanic area 



