26 Dr. E. C. A^. van Hoepen 



age occur, and in Egypt rocks of the same age have been dis- 

 covered. There are rocks in Algeria w^hich I regard to be of 

 identically the same age as those of Pondoland. I am not aware 

 of beds of Santonian age on the w^est coast of Africa. In this 

 way a string of points is obtained which fix a former coastline 

 and make it pretty certain, that Africa was sea-bound, at least 

 in the North and in the East, during Santonian times. 



Lower Cretaceous rocks of exactly the same geological sub- 

 division occur on the south and east coast of the Cape Province, 

 in Kenya, in Algeria and Tunis, in Cameroon and probably 

 in Angola. It would seem, therefore, that Africa was also 

 surrounded by water in Lower Cretaceous times. Marine littoral 

 deposits of Eocene age occur in Tunis, Algeria and Morocco, 

 in Senegal, in Togo, in Nigeria, at the mouth of the Congo, in 

 Southern Angolo, Kenya, Egypt and in Cyrenaica. This 

 chain is laid all round Africa and one is led to the conclusion 

 that Africa was also ocean-bound in Eocene times. The weak 

 side of these conclusions is that they are based on a few points, 

 which are often a great distance apart. An extension of our 

 knowledge into these gaps may work considerable changes. 

 Further, the different points of the supposed shore may as well 

 be points on shores of islands. 



The Dwyka tillite occurs over a vast extent of Africa. There 

 is no doubt whatever that it owes its origin to continental 

 glaciation and that at least those parts of Africa where it occurs 

 formed an early Permian land surface, except perhaps in South 

 West, where it contains marine fossils. 



The same deposits occur in India, Australia and South 

 America and one may conclude, that these countries also were 

 land surfaces under a continental ice cap at the beginning of 

 Permian times. It seems that this is about all one can safely 

 conclude from the given facts. Others, however, go further, and 

 unite all the mentioned countries into one vast continent. This 

 would then account for the uniformity of the deposits and for 

 the origin of many of the pebbles contained therein. The ground 

 moraines of the Diluvial Ice Age in Europe are of the same 

 type as those in North America, and they would naturally be 



