184 BULLETIN 197, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 



the New Hampshire border, and over eastern Pennsylvania. liobie 

 W. Tufts tells me that the first one was seen near Halifax, Nova 

 Scotia, on December 1, 1915. By 1916, according to Kalmbach and 

 Gabrielson (1921), its postbreeding wanderings extended from 

 "southern Maine to Norfolk, Va. On November 10, 1917, one speci- 

 men was collected as far south as Savannah, Ga. Inland it has been 

 seen at Rochester, N. Y., Wheeling, W. Va., and in east central Ohio." 

 During the next 10 years starlings were variously recorded as far 

 north as southern Ontario, as far west as Wisconsin, Iowa, and 

 Illinois, and as far south as Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and 

 Florida. E. C. Hoffman's (1930) map shows the range for the winter 

 of 1929-30 as extending west to southeastern Wisconsin, eastern Iowa, 

 including most of Missouri, southeastern Kansas, much of Oklahoma 

 and Texas, and extending practically to the coasts of the Gulf States. 

 It is interesting to note that the western limit of this range roughly 

 parallels the 1,000-foot contour line. 



Some interesting extreme wanderings were recorded in 1931 and 

 1932 at Churchill, Manitoba, Moose Factory, James Bay, and the 

 Gaspe Peninsula, Quebec. Frank L. Farley tells me that one ap- 

 peared at Camrose, Alberta, in May 1934 but none have been seen since. 

 L. M. Dickerson (1938) has published a map showing the western 

 migration frontier of the starling in the United States up to Febru- 

 ary 1937; this touches South Dakota and eastern Nebraska and 

 includes a large part of Kansas and most of Oklahoma and Texas. 

 In 1939 the starling crossed the Mexican boundary, had reached 

 Colorado and New Mexico, and appeared at Norway House in north- 

 ern Manitoba. A. D. Henderson writes to me that, on September 21, 

 1940, he observed the first starling he had seen in Belvedere, Alberta; 

 it was perched on a poplar tree with several blackbirds. Russell K. 

 Grater tells me that he saw a large flock at Mount Carmel, Kane 

 County, Utah, on January 2, 1941 ; "this flock was apparently drifting 

 and was seen only the one day." Last, but most interesting of all, 

 comes the westernmost record from Stanley G. Jewett (1942), who 

 reports a flock of about 40 starlings seen in Siskiyou County, Calif., 

 in January and a specimen collected there on February 4, 1942. 

 Gabrielson and Jewett (1940) state that "in 1889 and 1892, the Port- 

 land Song Bird Club released 35 pairs of Starlings in Portland. 

 These birds established themselves and remained for a number of 

 years, but some time about 1901 or 1902 disappeared." So, unless 

 these California birds were survivors from that Oregon importation, 

 which seems unlikely, the starling had at last reached the Pacific slope. 



The extension of the breeding range of the starling lags about 5 

 years behind its spread as a fall and winter wanderer. According to 

 Dr. Chapman (1925), the starling began to breed soon after its re- 

 lease in Central Park in 1890, for a nest was found under the eaves 



