48 ON THE OLDER FORMS OF 



angular tile, in form like the ridge-tile, was used as a roof- 

 ing-tile. These tiles were placed in rows running from 

 the ridge to the eaves, with the crest uppermost, no under 

 tiles being used. The tiles were simply l^edded in cows' 

 manure. Repeated questioning failed to modify this state- 

 ment. It is recorded that in other regions in the east it is 

 customary to i)laster the house with mannre. 



Photographs from the Caucasus show the normal tile 

 [iinb. ) in use. 



SWITZERLAND. 



The flat tile is everywhere conunon in Berne, Zurich 

 and other parts of northern Switzerland. In ver)' old 

 houses the normal tile [i/itb.) is occasionally seen (tig. 67), 

 l)ut even in these cases the newer 

 additions to the roof are covered 

 with a flat tile. In some instances 

 the ridge is tinished with wood or 

 metal, instead of the usual ridge- 

 tile. The tiles are often seen 

 aligned instead of breaking joint ; 

 i-'iG. 07. in this case the roof is tirst shin- 



gled. An elaborate structure of brick, stone and rooting- 

 tile, held together by nu)rtar, forms the top of most of 

 the chimneys, and suggests the idea of a bird-house, or 

 such an affair as a child might build with blocks. 



They are certainly picturesque and apparently durable, 

 as none of them seem to be dilapidated. Fig. 68 is repro- 

 duced from a rough sketch of a few chimney tops in Berne. 

 At the Historical Museum at Berne, I found an interest- 

 ing collection of rooflng-tiles. I learned that the curator 

 of this department was an architect, and this accounted 

 for the extent of the collection, which was the l)est one 

 that I saw anywhere in Europe. Among the tiles was one 



