Mar. 25. I9IS Energy Values of Feeding Stuffs for Cattle 461 



Heal increme>its in Calorics per kilogram of dry matter due to standing 



Feed. Steer C. Steer E. Steer F. 



Alfalfa hay 118 230 304 



Alfalfa hay and grain mixture No. 2 —no no 144 



Average 4 170 224 



INFLUENCE OP BITLK OP RATION 



It seems worth while to call attention also to three cases which suggest 

 that the bulk of the ration may be a factor in determining the difference 

 between the metabolism of the animals when standing and lying. In 

 period 3 of experiments 208 and 209 steers C, E, and F received a light 

 ration, two-thirds of which consisted of grain — i. e., a ration of small 

 bulk — and on this light ration they showed a distinctly greater incre- 

 ment of metabolism during standing than upon one considerably heavier. 

 It seems at least a plausible suggestion that the deficient bulk may have 

 caused a greater degree of restlessness in period 3 and consequently an 

 increased metabolism. 



CORRECTION TO UNIFORM STANDING 



Since standing or lying exerts such a marked influence on the heat pro- 

 duction of animals, it is evident that a correction for this influence must 

 be made before the results of the heat determinations can be regarded as 

 comparable, since, notwithstanding the uniformity of external conditions 

 striven after, the proportion of time spent standing or lying, respectively, 

 varied more or less. As already pointed out this does not seem to have 

 been related to the quantity of feed consumed, the difference having been 

 practically as often in one direction as in the other. The stimulating 

 effect, if such there were, seems to have expressed itself in more frequent 

 changes of posture and a greater intensity of metabolism while standing 

 rather than in more prolonged standing. The percentage of time spent 

 standing appears to be largely a matter of individuaUty, whatever that 

 convenient term may really signify. If we compare the results in this 

 respect in the several periods, irrespective of the amount and kind of 

 feed, it appears that,, with a few exceptions, they show, on the whole, a 

 rather marked degree of uniformity in the individual animal. This is 

 especially true if experiment 190 be excepted, in which the animals were 

 only about 12 months old. The data are contained in Table VIII, the 

 averages in each case being computed, excepting the bracketed numbers. 



