NOTES OK niEBACIA 169 



and long-ciliate llgule-tips. These points all agree with the descrip- 

 tion of var. vest I turn (Journ. Bot. 1911, p. 358); and they are even 

 moi'e marked in character than Ley's specimens from High Street, 

 Westmorland, in my herbarium, which belong to this. Not pre- 

 viously known from Scotland. 



THE EELATIOX BETWEEN 

 GONIDIA AND HYPH^ IN LICHENS. 



Br A. N. Danilot. 



[The paper of Avhich (by permission of the Director of the 

 Imperial Garden) a translation follows was published in the Bulletin 

 du Jardiii Imperial Botanique de St. Betershourg, tom. x. livr. 2 

 (1910). The translation has 'been made by Messrs. R. Paulson and 

 Somerville Hastings, who, while feeling that the importance of the 

 paper justifies its publication in a language more generally understood 

 by botanists than the Russian in which it originally appeared, are not 

 to be understood as accepting all the author's conclusions. The 

 original is accompanied by plates and figm-es, which it has not been 

 thought necessary to reproduce. 



Since the publication of the paper, Elfving has printed (Acta Soc. 

 Sci. Fenn. xliv. no. 2 : 1913) a further account of his investigations 

 in which he supports his view that the gonidium of a lichen is genetic- 

 ally derived from the hypha. — R. P.] 



The present paper was undertaken with a wish to throw some 

 light on the interesting subject of the association of the alga and 

 fungus in a lichen, for there has been some uncertainty regarding 

 this matter. The chief aim has been to verify and explain those 

 observations which led Prof. Elfving of the University of Helsingfors 

 to revive the views of Wallroth on lichens. 



In 1905 at the meeting of naturalists and doctors at Helsingfors, 

 Elfving presented a report in which he maintained that the fungus 

 and the alga in a lichen are not two independent organisms, as 

 Schwendener declared, but two different stages of development of one 

 and the same fungus. According to Elfving, the so-called algal 

 portion differs from the h^q^jhal part of the fungus in that the hj-phaj 

 vmdergo more or less complex changes. The hyphse gi-ow rapidly and 

 throw out spherical cells, which, as they develop, resemble the cells of 

 algaj more and more, in size and shape : later on these cells assume 

 a green colour and finally break off entirely from the mother hyphse. 

 These separated greenish cells become the gonidia, and mvdtiply by 

 division within the thallus of the lichen. The process of separation 

 of the gonidia from«the hyphai only takes place, according to Elfving, 

 in the spring. Elfving carried out investigations on Beltigcra canina, 

 Eoernia, Barmelia, Bamalina farinacea, TJsnea barbata, Lecanora 

 jycrnlbella, Cladonia rangiferina, and on other lichens gathered in 

 early spring, from which he obtained preparations for microscopical 

 examination, which led him to these very definite conclusions. He 

 exhibited his prci)ai'ations after he had presented his report, and, 



