SS SJiorf Siiniinarji of our Ktioirledfie of tlir FrU-fl]i 



August 26th 10 per cent, of the young plants sprouting from fallen grain 

 were infested with larvae; and that on September oth 20-20 per cent, 

 of winter wheat plants were infested. 



PUPAE. 



The spring and autuimi larvae leave the centre of the stem and 

 pupate under the sheath of the outer leaves. Baranov (1912) says near 

 roots, sometimes l"-2" in the earth. Roebuck [in litt. 1918) states that 

 on oats he has invariably found the pupa of the spring brood under the 

 sheath and between the first node and 1 .> inches above; in wheat how- 

 ever the distribution was not so even — at first, second, or even third, 

 node from ground and anywhere from the ligule to the node. The summer 

 larvae pupate among the leaves surrounding the hidden ear or panicle, 

 or in the grain itself or between the grain and the husk. The pupa stage 

 may last 8-14 days^ (8-10 days Taschenberg, 1879; 10-12 days 

 Schesterikov, 1910, and Baranov, 1912; average 14 days Lindeman. 

 vide Kulagin, 1913), the length of time being governed by the amount of 

 moisture, the dryer the conditions the longer the period (Dobrovliansky, 

 1915). Experiments made by Krassiltchik and Vitkovsky (1913) proved 

 that flies were capable of getting through 7"-9" of rammed wet eaith 

 upon emergence from pupae bui'ied at that depth. 



IMAGO. 



According to Kulagin (1913) Kurdjumov in Russia found that the 

 male lives a very short time, often dying the same day; a female lived 

 for two weeks in captivity, and he estimated its life when free at about 

 a month, but Kurdjumov (1913) himself stated that he found the 

 length of the life of the adult to be two to three months (under excep- 

 tionally favourable circumstances five months), and Dobrovliansky 

 (191')) gave the length of the life of the male in captivity as about a 

 month, while four females lived 74, 55, 45 and 63 days respectively, and 

 the period during which they oviposited was 24-36 days. Most writers 

 refer to the short hopping flight of the insect. 



The appearance in immense numbers of the flies fi'om grains threshed 

 at harvest has been several times recorded. 



"From oats threshed in the liehl and stored in bidk in h)ft '" (Enuhnul. 

 West wood, 1881). 



' Compare also l)ol)rovliansky'.s sample life histories of seeond and tbiid l)roods civen 

 under the subheading " Times of appearance of Flics." 



