62 Pliny's natural histoet. [Book XXXII. 



crabs/^ the striated chemae,^* the smooth chemae, the chenice 

 belonging to the genus of pelorides,^^ all differing in the va- 

 riety of their colours and in the roundness of the shells; the 

 chemse glycymarides,^® still larger than the pelorides ; the co- 

 luthia or coryphia;^^ the various kinds of shellfish, among 

 which we find the pearl oysters,^® the cochleae,^^ (belonging to 

 which class are the pentadactyli/) the helices,^ by some known 

 as actinophori, the spokes^ on whose shells are used for musical 

 purposes ;* and, in addition to these, the round cochleae, the 

 shells of which are used in measuring oil, as also the sea- 

 cucumber,^ the cynopos,® the cammarus,' and the cynosdexia.^ 

 Next to these we have the sea-dragon,^ a fish which, accord- 

 ing to some, is altogether distinct from the dracunculus,'^ and 

 resembles the gerricula in appearance, it having on the gills a 

 stickle which points towards the tail and inflicts a wound like 

 that of the scorpion ^^ when the fish is handled — the erythi- 

 iius,^Hheecheneis,^^ the sea-urchin, ^^ the sea-elephant, a black 

 kind of crayfish, with four forked legs, in addition to two 

 arms with double joints, and furnished, each of them, with 

 a pair of claws, indented at the edge ; the faber,^^ also, or 

 zaeus, the glauciscus,'^ the giauis,^'' the gonger,^^ the gerres,^^ 



93 See B. ix. c. 51. 



91 Or " chamse ;" different varieties of gaping cockles. 



9'' Or *' monster "-cockles. ^^ Or *' sweet " cockles. 



97 See Chapter 27 of this Book. ^^ gee B. ix. c. 54. 



93 Or "cochli." As to the A'arious kinds of cochh-se, see B. ix. c. 51. 



1 "Five-fingered." So called from some peculiarity in their shape. 



2 Considered by some to be the striated mussel, the Pecten of Linnaeus. 

 •* "Radii." 



■* This is not improbably the meaning of the very elliptical sentence, 

 *' Quibus radii cantant." ^ See B, ix. c. 1. 



^ The "dog's-face," literally. This fish has not been identified: in- 

 deed the reading is doubtful. 



■^ A kind of crab or crayfish. See B. xxvii. c. 2. 



3 Literally, the " dog's right hand." This fish has not been identified : 

 Ilardouin suggests that it may have been a zoophyte. 



9 See B. ix. c. 43, and Chapters 17 and 26 of this Book. 



10 Or *' little dragon." ^^ The sea-scorpion, probably. 



12 See B. ix. c. 23 ; also Chapters 31 and 50 of this liook. 



13 Or Eeraora. See B. ix. c. 41 ; also C'hapter 1 of this Book. 

 1* See B. ix. cc. 14, 74. i= See B. ix. c. 32. 



i« See Chapter 46 of the present Book. '" See B. is. c. 67. 



IS Possibly the same as the "Conger " of B. ix. c. 24. 

 19 A fish similar, most probably, to the "gerricula" previously mentioned. 

 Holland calls it a "pilchard " or " herring." 



