PACKARD.] THE POPULATIOX OF AN APPLE TREE. 177 



vi)'eus), least pewee {Empidonax minimus), Wilson's thrush 

 {Turdus fuscescens), black and white creeper (MiiiotiUa 

 varia), blue yellow-backed warbler {Panda Americana), 

 Maryland yellow-throat (GeotJdypis trichas), Nashville war- 

 bler {IMmintliopharja ruficapilla) , golden-crowned thrush 

 (Seiiirus aurocapillus) , chestnut-sided warbler (Dendroica 

 Pensylvunica) , j-ellow warbler {D. cestiva), black and j^ellow 

 warbler (Z>. maculosa), prairie warbler (Z). discolor), black- 

 polled warbler (D. striata), Canada warbler (Myiodioctes 

 Canadensis), redstart {Setophaga ruticiUa), cedar bird (Am- 

 pelis cedrorum), cat bird (Mimtts Carolinensis) , purple 

 finch {Carpodacus purpureus), white winged crossbill (Cur- 

 virostra lericop)tera) , chipping sparrow {Spizella socialis), 

 indigo bird {Cyanospiza cyanea), red-winged blackbird 

 (Agelaius plioiniceus) , cow blackbird {Molothrus pecoris), 

 bob-o-link {Dolichonyx oryzivorus) , Baltimore oriole (Icterus 

 Baltimore) . 



'Possibly this list may be increased. Besides these birds, 

 those species which occur in orchards during autumn and 

 winter, such as the ruby crowued wren, brown creeper, nut- 

 hatches and titmice, doubtless eat lax'gely of the eggs of 

 canker worms and other insects which destroy or injure the 

 trees. Winter birds of the above species which I have shot 

 at this time have their stomachs crammed with insects of 

 some kind. 



'As I remarked to you the other evening, the Baltimore 

 oriole will eat largely of the tent caterpillar, and is the only 

 bird which will do this. 



'All the thrushes will eat wire worms. The swallows de- 

 stroy multitudes of dipterous insects (gnats, etc.). In fact, 

 to sum the matter up there is scared}' a bird which will not 

 eat largely of insects at certain seasons, when these pests 

 are most abundant. 



'It is a noticeable fact that many species inhabiting woods 

 and meadows, as may be seen by the list given, leave their 



12 17 



