March, 1916.] CrAMPTON : OriGIN OF WiNGS. 27 



complete metamorphosis, and those with incomplete metamorphosis, 

 alike. 



2. The wings of insects can not be derived from tracheal gills, 

 since the two types of structures are not of the same developmental 

 series (i. e. are not homodynamous), and are therefore not homo- 

 logous. 



3. The paranota, or integumental outgrowths borne alongside the 

 tergum, or notum, are homodynamous with the wings, and wings were 

 doubtless derived from them, since they occur in the most diverse 

 forms (and there is an inherent tendency toward the formation of 

 such structures in the Arthropod stem). 



4. The embryological evidence would indicate that wings are of 

 a tergal origin. We may therefore conclude that the paranota from 

 which the wings were developed were (wholly, or in part) lateral 

 expansions of the tergum or notum. 



Bibliography. 



19 12. Abel. Ueber den Erwerb des Flugvermoegens. Wien Schr. Ver. verbr 



Naturwiss. Kenntn., Bd. 52, 1911-1912, pp. 215-236. 



1913. Abramowsky. Die dynamische Drucklinie am Insekten und Vogelflug. 



Bericht f. d. K. Akad. d. Wiss. Stockholm. See also Deutsche 

 Luftfahrer-Zeit., 1913, Jg. 17, No. 4. 

 1879-1881. Adolph. Ueber Insektenfluegel. Diss. Halle. See also Nova Acta 

 Leop. Carol. Deutsch. Acad. Naturf. Bd. XLI, pp. 213-291. 



1883. Adolph. Zur Morphologic der Hymenopterenfluegel. Nova Acta L. C. 



Acad. Naturf., Bd. 46, pp. 43-132. 



1884. Adolph. Die Dipterenfluegel, ihr Schema und ihre Ableitung. Nova 



Acta L. C. Acad. Nat., Bd. 47. 

 1889. Adolph. Ueber die Aderung der Fluegeldecken der Kaefer. Z06I. 



Anz., Jg. 12, p. 487. 

 1883-1884. Amans. Essai sur le Vol des Insectes. Rev. Sci. Naturelles, 



Montpelier, Paris, Sen 3, Tome 2, pp. 469-490, Tome 3, pp. 121-139. 



1884. Amans. Sur les Organes du Vol des Hymenopteres. Rev. Sci. Nat., 



Montpelier, Paris, Ser. 3, Tome 3, pp. 485-522. 



1885. Amans. Comparaison des Organes du Vol dans la Serie Animale. Ann. 



Sci. Nat. Z06I., Ser. 6, Tome 29, No. 2, 1885, pp. 9-222, Pis. I-VIII. 

 1837. AsHTON. On the Wings of the Hemiptera. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 



Vol. 3, pp. 95-000. 

 1824. AuDouiN. Recherches Anatomiques sur le Thorax des Animaux Arti- 



cules, etc. Ann. Sci. Nat., Ser. I, Tome i, pp. 97-i3S> 416-432. 

 1832. AuDouiN. Exposition de I'Anatomie du Thorax, etc. Ann. Sci. Nat., 



Tome 25, Ser. i, pp. 95-iSi' 



