8EVKNTKEN YKARR UNDER GllOUNl). Vu 



of warmtli and air, and occasionally peeping forth, ap- 

 parently to reconnoitre, but descending again on the 

 occurrence of wet or cold weather. 



" The advent of hard rains sometimes develops the 

 ingenuity of the pupte in a remarkable way. On one 

 occasion, about the time of their first appearance in one 

 of our neighboring counties, there fell a series of heavy 

 rains. Evidently the expectant Cicadas were seriously 

 threatened with a fate like that of the Noachian world, 

 and so set themselves to build an ark of refuge. A 

 floating retreat was beyond their powers, but they liter- 

 ally rose superior to the situation, by carrying their 

 burrows above the surface of the ground ! Here is a 

 drawing of one of these finger-like turrets, showing 

 the exit hole from which the pupa escaped when the 

 waters had subsided. Here I draw a section view of 

 the turret, which shows the mode of operation. The 

 pellets of earth have been pushed up above the surface 

 to the height of from four to six inches, leaving in the 

 center a gallery about five-eighths of an inch in diame- 

 ter a continuation of the underground burrow. The 

 outside measurement is about one inch and a quarter. 

 The tube from which the drawing is made was a little 

 bent at the top, but many turrets were straight and 

 several instead of being single branched near the sur- 

 face from a main chamber below, and a pupa lodged in 

 each branch. You can see that this tube is a continua- 

 tion of the burrow, and that the pupa when disturbed 

 by the over-wet soil had only to mount to the toj) of its 

 tower and be safe. When the time for t-ansformation 



