154 The Classification of Insects 



insects. But very distinct structural characters are 

 soon apparent. Examining the forewing of Pyrameis 

 or of an allied genus (fig. 89) we find that the little 

 anal vein (fig. 87 viii) of the Lycaenidae is quite want- 

 ing ; there are five radial branches, whereas in the 



"Blues" there are 

 but four, while the 

 almost complete 

 suppression of the 

 discocellulars leaves 

 the cell "open." 

 Turning to the legs 

 we find that those of 

 the front pair in both 

 sexes have become 

 quite useless for 

 walking, the foot 

 being absent, while 

 the shin, clothed 

 with long hairs, 

 serves as a brush, 

 the insect going on 

 four legs. The 

 caterpillar of 

 Pyrameis is elongate 

 and armed with 

 many strong spines, 

 while the pupa, 

 quite devoid of 

 hairs, is studded 

 with tubercles (fig. 

 88, I, 2). Such differences in structure as these 

 warrant separation more marked than that between 

 genera. Pyrameis belongs to a family — the Nym- 

 phalidae — abundantly distinct from the Lycsenidas. 

 Flying about wood-clearings may be found a 



Fig. 89. — Wing-neuration of Nymphalis. I. 

 II. sub-costal; III. radial; IV. median; 

 v. cubital ; VI.-VIII. anal nervures. 

 Twice natural size. From Grote, Natural 

 Science, vol. 12. 



