238 



The Orders of Insects 



pupse, as in the higher Tineidz and in all the families yet to be de- 

 scribed, are obtect with only two free segments. The forewings of 

 these moths are typically marked with three transverse lines and three 

 discal spots; the family contains both day and night-flying species. 

 The larvje live in concealed situations, feeding between rolled up 

 leaves or in dry vegetable substances (fig. 130). Examples of aquatic 

 lepidopterous caterpillars — which are very rare — are found in this 

 family whose members are distributed over the whole world. 



Thyrididse. — The Thyridida are a small family of moths with 

 wide range, most numerous in the tropics, and unrepresented in the 

 British Isles. They are closely allied to the Pyralidse, but differentiated 

 by having only two anal nervures in the hindwing, and by the 

 absence of palps to the first maxilla. 



Drepanulidse. — The Drepanulida are a small family of moths with 

 wing-neuration of the Pyralid type, but there are only one or two anal 

 nervures in the hindwing, and the frenulum is wanting in some 

 genera. The first maxilla; have no palps, and those of the second 

 maxilla are very small. The forewings are often hooked at the tip. 

 The larva is very characteristic in form having only eight pro-legs ; 

 there are none on the hindmost segment which is prolonged into a 

 pointed process, raised up when the insect is at rest. As in all the 

 succeeding families the hooklets on the prolegs do not form a 

 complete circle, but are only developed on the inner edge. The 

 Drepanulidje are distributed in all parts of the world. 



Callidulidae. — The CalUduUdcc are a small family of tropical day- 

 flying moths with the Pyralid type of wing-neuration ; they may be 

 distinguished from the Drepanulida by the long palps (of the second 

 maxillje) and by the absence of cross-nervules to close the cell in the 

 neuration of the hindwing. They are believed to show affinity with 

 the lowest family of butterflies — the Hesperiidae which will be 

 described later. The Callidulida are confined to India, China, Japan, 

 and the Malayan Archipelago. 



Lasiocampidae. — The LasiocampidtE or Eggar-Moths are large 

 moths with the Pyralid type of wing-neuration, but distinguished 

 from the families just enumerated by the absence of the first maxillae 

 as well as of a frenulum, and by the presence of double pectination on 

 the feelers in both sexes. The sub-costal nervure of the hindwing is 

 bent downwards, as in the Pyralids and allied families, towards the 

 radial system, or is connected by a cross-nervule to the first radial ; 

 it gives off, in many genera, a number of accessory nervules towards 

 the costa. The moths of this family are hairy, usually rich brown in 

 the colour of their wings, which have several transverse bars and a 

 central spot. The larvae with ten prolegs are stout and very hairy, 

 often with prominent tufts on the fore-body. The pupa is enclosed 

 in a hard egg-shaped cocoon of silk and hair. The Lasiocampids are 

 distributed in all parts of the world except New^ Zealand. 



Lymantriidae. — The Lymantriida or TussocK-MoTHs resemble the 

 Eggars in their hairy bodies and vestigial first maxillse, but the 



