Lepidoptera 



247 



111,111, 



or moderate size with relatively large body, and broad head with 

 prominent eyes. The feelers, which are widely separated at their 

 bases, usually end in a hook beyond the club. The forewing is 

 usually triangular with pointed tip ; the five radial nervures are 

 distinct and evenly spaced, and there is one fully developed anal 

 nervure with the rudiment of another uniting with the first at its base. 

 In the hindwing two anal nervures are present (fig. 137). All six legs 

 are well-developed in both sexes. The caterpillar has a large head 

 and narrow thoracic segments ; the pro-legs are provided with com- 

 plete circles of booklets a character showing affinity with the lower 

 moths (Pyralids, etc.). The pupa is enclosed in a slight silken 

 cocoon. The prevailing coloration of the butterflies is brown, and 

 they are remarkable for their short, jerky flight. The family is 

 almost world-wide in its range, but is un- 

 known in Greenland and New Zealand. 



Lycsenidae. — The Lycanidds are a very 

 large family of butterflies, of small or mode- 

 rate size with comparatively slender bodies ; 

 the feelers are inserted close together. In 

 the forewing there are only three or four 

 radial nervures ; otherwise the neuration re- 

 sembles that of the Skippers. The six legs 

 are well-developed in both sexes, except that 

 the front feet are aborted in the males. The 

 larvs are short and hairy, somewhat like 

 woodlice in shape. The pupa has a marked 

 "waist," is clothed with hairs or bristles, is 

 attached to a pad of silk by the cremaster, 

 and is girdled with a silken thread. The 

 coloration of the butterflies is predominantly 

 blue or copper, and the family is distributed 

 in all parts of the world (figs. 83, 87). 



Lemoniidse. — The Lcmoniidoe are a family 

 of butterflies nearly allied to the Lycsnidae, 

 which they closely resemble in their wing-neuration. The fore-legs 

 in the males are greatly reduced and useless for walking, though all 

 three pairs are fully developed in the females. The only European 

 member of this family {Nemeobhis lucina) retains the primitive five 

 branches of the radial system. Most of these butterflies are brilliantly 

 coloured ami characteristic of tropical America, a few species only 

 being found in the warmer regions of the Old World. 



Libytheidae — The Libytheidix are a small family of butterflies 

 easily recognisable by their elongate palps which are almost four 

 times as long as the head and project like a snout. The forewing 

 has a five-branched radial nervure, and forms a broad rectangular 

 prominence at the tip. The larva is cylindrical and slightly hairy, 

 each segment showing a fourfold division ; the pupa is suspended only 

 by the cremaster. The family is distributed over all the warmer 



VIU Vll 



Fig. 137. — Neuration of 

 Wings of Paniphila pal- 

 lemon. Twice natural 

 size. From Grote, 

 Natural Science, vol. 12. 



