248 



The Orders of Insects 



regions of the globe except Australia; a single species (^Lihythea celtis) 

 ranges into Southern Europe. 



Papilionidae. — The PapiUonida are a large family of butterflies, all 

 of considerable size. The six legs are fully developed in both sexes. 

 The inner margin of the hindwing is concave and a single anal 

 nervure only runs parallel to it. (In all other families of butterflies two 

 anal nervures are present in the hindwing.) In the forewing the 

 second anal nervure is free from the first and runs to the inner 

 margin (fig. 138). (In all other families of butterflies a second anal 

 nervure, perhaps not corresponding with that in the present family, 

 makes a short basal fork with the 

 first.) The larva is cylindrical, never 

 hairy, but often tuberculate and with 

 a retractile tentacle behind the head. 

 The pupa which has two projecting 

 frontal tubercles, " nose-horns," is 

 fixed by the cremaster, and kept up- 

 right by a silken girdle fastening it 

 to a stem of the food-plant. These 

 butterflies — all very handsome in 

 wing-pattern and often with the hind- 

 wings prolonged into " tails " at the 

 third median nervure — are distributed 

 in nearly all parts of the world. 



Pieridae. — The PieriJj; are a large 

 family of butterflies of medium or 

 large size, with all six legs fully 

 developed in both sexes. They are 

 readily distinguished from the 

 Papilionida; by the characters in- 

 dicated above, and from the Hes- 

 periida; and Lycaenidse by the greater 

 specialisation of the neuration, the 

 nervures not being evenly spaced. In 

 the forewing the first median nervure 

 138. --Wing -neuration of usually becomes joined with the radial 

 Paptlio inachaon, Linn. .. i-r^\ 1 . i- j • 1 j 



-- -^ ■ • From Grote system. The larva IS cylmdrical and 



hairy. The pupa is attached both by 

 the tail and by a silken girdle, as that 

 of a papilionid, but the " nose-horn " is single and central, while the 

 power of fore-and-aft movement of the abdominal segments possessed 

 by the papilionid pupa is wanting. The Pieridse are chiefly yellow 

 and white in their wing-patterns; our "Cabbage White" Pieris 

 brassiciE is a well-known example. The family is distributed through- 

 out the world. 



Nymphalidae. — The Nifrnphalidie are the largest and most dominant 

 of the butterfly-families. They are characterised by the reduction of 

 the fore-legs in both sexes so as to be useless for walking ; the tarsal 



Fig 



Natural size. 



Natural Science, vol. 12. 



