Lepidoptera 



249 



segments are wanting and the short shins are clothed with long hairs, 

 whence the name " brush-footed butterflies " sometimes applied to the 

 family. The neuration is of the same type as in the Pieridx but 

 varies in detail in the different sub-families into which the group has 

 been divided up. The larva; vary much in outward form, being 

 armed with formidable spines in some genera, and smooth or hairy in 



Fig. 139. — Nymphalid Butterfly (Polygonia coinvia, Harris), N. 

 America, a. egg-chain, magnified ; b. caterpillar ; c. pupa ; 

 d. imago (upper side of wing right, under side left). Natural 

 size. From Howard, Bull. 7 (n.s.), Div. Ent. U.S. Dept. Agr. 



others. The pupa, which has, as in the Papilionids, a double nose- 

 horn, is simply hung by tlie cremaster from a pud of silk, without any 

 girdling thread. As the divisions of the Nymphalidae are often treated 

 as separate families, a short summary of their characters is given. 



