136 LEPIDOPTERA. 



and other Alpine butterflies from South Spain and Italy, where 

 several of our common Central European butterflies take their 

 places as purely mountain species, is one reason why the South 

 European faunae are so much poorer than those of Alpine Europe. 



Some South American species are perfectly transparent except 

 on the veins and borders ; but their much broader and shorter 

 wings will prevent them from ever being mistaken for Danaince. 

 These belong to the genera Cithcerias, Hiibn., and Hwtera, Fabr. 

 The species of Cithcerias are exceedingly delicate and beautiful 

 insects, and are often adorned with an oblong blotch of deep 

 crimson or violet near the inner margin of the hind wings. 



Melanitis Leda, Linn., is a rather large butterfly, common over a 

 great part of Africa and Southern Asia. It is two or three inches 

 in expanse, and is brown, Avith angulated hind wings ; towards the 

 tip of the fore wings are two large contiguous round white spots 

 surrounded with black, and frequently with fulvous also. This 

 species is very common and widely distributed, and is interesting 

 from its habit of flying at dusk, or after dark, instead of in the 

 day-time. 



A larger and handsomer species allied to this is the black and 

 white Neorina Lovni, Doubl. and Hew., a native of Borneo and 

 Sumatra. 



The smaller South American Satyrince belong principally to the 

 genus Euptychia, Hiibn. The species vary in size from one to 

 nearly two inches, and are of various shades of brown, though 

 some are whitish, and others bright blue. There is generally at 

 least one " eye," or ocellated spot, near the tip of the fore wings, 

 which is most distinct on the under surface. The wings, especially 

 the under surface, are often adorned with transverse lines ; and 

 the hind wings are occasionally dentated. 



The genus Maniola, Schrank, includes the brown butterflies 

 known as Mountain Ringlets. They are very numerous in the 

 Alps, and may be known by the black marginal spots, more or 

 less surrounded with red, and often with a white dot in the 

 centre. Some of these species, as well as other blackish or dark 

 brown Satyrince, exhibit greenish or bluish reflections in certain 

 li-^dits. Two or three species are found on low ground, but even 

 these are rarely met with except in hilly districts. Two species 

 only {Maniola Epiphron, Knoch, and Jitldops, Esp.) are found in 

 the north of England and Scotland. 



The genus CEneis, Hiibn., is remarkable for the great majority 



