BUTTERFLIES. 157 



This is Perrhjhns, Hiibn. On the upper surface the males are 

 white with black borders ; but the upper surface of the females, 

 and the under surface of both sexes, is striped with tawny, black 

 and yellow, as in some species of Helicon'ms, etc. 



Catopsilia, Hiibn., includes most of the larger yellow butter- 

 flies of the Tropics, several of which closely resemble our Brim- 

 stone in appearance, except that all the wings are rounded ; or if 

 there is any projection on the hind wings at all, it is at the anal 

 angle. Some of the East Indian species are white, irrorated with 

 brown beneath. But the finest species of the genus is perhajjs the 

 Cuban C. Avellaneda, Herr.-SchafF. It measures four inches across 

 the wings, which are of a rich orange colour, with a large red 

 blotch in the middle of the fore wings, and a wide border of the 

 same colour to the hind wings ; and the coloration is so peculiar 

 that the insect looks as if it had been artificially painted. 



The Brimstone Butterfly {Goncjjterp': llhamni, Linn.) is common 

 in woods in most parts of England. It measures about two and a 

 half inches across the wings, which are of a bright sulphur colour 

 in the male, and whitish sulphur in the female. There is a pro- 

 jection on the hind margin, and an orange spot in the middle of 

 each wing. There are several South American sjjecies very 

 similar in shape and colour, but about twice the size. 



Colias, Fabr., is a genus distributed over most parts of the 

 world, though in tropical countries the species are found, if at all, 

 in the mountains. Several species, however, are Polar. They are 

 moderate-sized butterflies, with rounded wings, and are white, 

 yellow, or orange, with black borders, which are generally veined 

 in the male and spotted in the female. There is a black spot on 

 the fore wings, and an orange one on the hind wings ; on the 

 under surface, which is often green, the spots are generally centred 

 with silver. The orange species are sometimes shot with violet 

 or purple ; and they have generally two varieties of females, one 

 orange and the other whitish. These butterflies are known as 

 Clouded Yellows by collectors. 



The Orange Tip {Evxhloe Cardamines, Linn.) is a common 

 spring butterfly, with rather long delicate wings. The male is 

 marked with a bright orange spot near the tip. The under surface 

 of the wings is tesselated with bright green, and the female has 

 sometimes been mistaken for the Bath White. But in the Orange 

 Tip the fore wings are merely tipped with brown, whereas they 

 are partially bordered with brown in that species ; and the mark- 



