3IO BIRDS OF THE REPUBLIC OF PANAMA PART 3 



an aberrant entity in this family, especially in its larger size. Another 

 is Sapayoa aenigma, as yet also little known. It is probable that both 

 may prove to be allied to the cotingid group of species. 



KEY TO SPECIES OF PIPRIDAE 



1. Two central tail feathers longer than those on either side ; with tips 



narrowed and pointed. 



Lance-tailed Manakin, Chiroxiphia lanccolata, p. 331 

 Central tail feathers normal; not elongated or sharply pointed 2 



2. Larger, 135-165 mm long; with tail longer (tail 56-70, wing 80-93 mm). 17 

 Smaller, 75-125 mm long; with tail shorter (tail 17-48, wing 



45-75 mm) 3 



3. Rictal bristles more evident ; those over nostril longer. 



Green Manakin, Chloropipo holochlora litac, p. 324 

 Rictal bristles not prominent, only slightly evident 4 



4. Back, wings, and tail black or blue-black (males) 5 



Dorsal surface greenish olive to dull buffy brown (females and immature 



males) 6 



5. Upper surface, including crown, uniform blue-black. 



White-rufFed Manakin, Corapipo altera, p. 325 

 Upper surface not uniformly black 7 



6. Crown and hindneck dull brownish gray ; back and rump dull green. 



White-crowned Manakin, Pipra pipra anthracina, females and 



immature males, p. 322 

 Crown, back and rump uniformly colored 12 



7. Crown black like back (males) 8 



Crown differing from back in color (males) 9 



8. Hindneck, side of head, and throat yellow to light orange ; larger. 



Golden-collared Manakin, Manacus vitellinus, p. 334 

 Hindneck, side of head, and throat bright orange ; smaller. 



Orange-collared Manakin, Manacus aurantiacus, p. 343 



9. Lores and side of head black (bright coloration restricted to crown) . . 10 

 Crown, side of head, and hindneck all brightly colored 11 



10. Crown and somewhat elongated crest white. 



White-crowned Manakin, Pipra pipra anthracina, p. 322 

 Crown and slightly elongated crest bright blue. 



Blue-crowned Manakin, Pipra coronata, p. 311 



11. Head, hindneck, and side of head bright red. 



Red-capped Manakin, Pipra mentalis ignifcra, p. 314 

 Head, hindneck, and side of head orange. 



Golden-headed Manakin, Pipra e. crythroccphala, p. 319 



12. Upper surface uniform, somewhat dull green. 



Blue-crowned Manakin, Pipra coronata, female and immature, p. 311 

 Upper surface dull brownish buff 13 



13. Lower surface brighter, more buff 14 



Lower surface duller, more grayish 15 



14. Larger, wing more than 50 mm ; slightly duller colored. 



Golden-collared Manakin, Manacus vitellinus, female and immature, p. 334 



